Recent Advances in Natural Sciences (RANS) is an open access journal, publishing original research from across all areas of Natural Sciences. It is published biannually (June and December). Production and Hosting is by FLAYOO Publishing House LTD on behalf of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences (NSPS). Peer review under responsibility of NSPS. With the idea that making research openly available to the public promotes better global knowledge exchange, this journal offers direct open access to its contents, i.e., all the articles published in this journal are free to access immediately from the date of publication. RANS is available in print and online. The language used in this journal is English. ISSN(Print): 1596-0544 ISSN (Online): 1596-0757
Time series modelling of inflation and consumer price index trends in Nigeria
Inflation is a long-term, steady rise in the average price of goods and services. Its volatility weakens purchasing power, distorts income distribution, discourages investment and savings, and threatens macroeconomic stability. This study examined the relationship between the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Financial Institutions’ Credit Deposit (FICD) ratio using regression, ARIMA, and GARCH models to forecast inflation. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics (2015-2024) and Central Bank of Nigeria were analyzed. Descriptive results showed high variability in inflation (mean = 1.29%, SD = 0.59, skewness = 1.05) and moderate variability in FICD (mean = 8.69, SD = 2.62, skewness = 0.36). Regression results indicated a negative but insignificant effect of FICD on inflation (β = −0.0177, p = 0.3977). The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test confirmed stationarity (p = 0.01). ARIMA(2,2,1) captured inflation persistence, while GARCH(2,3) identified mild volatility. Johansen cointegration tests revealed no long-run equilibrium among CPI, inflation, and FICD. Findings suggest that structural and cost-push factors drive inflation, requiring stronger monetary transmission and efficient credit allocation for price stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benson Ade Eniola Afere, Yahaya Baba Usman, Ekele Alih, Ekele Vincent Aguda, Latifat Enesi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporal investigation of effects of wildfires and aerosols on air pollution changes in Nigeria: a multivariate modelling approach
Understanding the factors that influence Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is essential for addressing air pollution and effectively managing air quality. This study examines the impacts of dust aerosol (DU), sea salt (SS), black carbon (BC), and burned areas (BA) on AOD across different Köppen climate zones in Nigeria from 2001 to 2019. Results from a multivariate regression analysis revealed that DU consistently had a strong and significant impact on AOD across all zones (coefficients: between 0.00106 and 0.00779, p < 0.001), indicating the influence of dust from the Sahara Desert and the Bodélé Depression. BC and SS increased AOD in southern and coastal zones, although BC had a negative impact in Aw climate zones. The influence of BC was less consistent, indicating its varied sources, including gas flaring and urban emissions. BA showed mixed effects on AOD across different climate zones. In some zones, BA had a positive but often insignificant impact on AOD, while in others, it exhibited negligible or negative coefficients. This suggests that although biomass burning contributes to aerosol levels, its direct effect on AOD may be mitigated by factors such as precipitation and aerosol interactions during the burning season. SS generally had a significant positive relationship with AOD, especially in coastal and Csb zones. Peaks in SS levels in the mid-2000s and mid-2010s correlated with higher AOD, emphasizing the maritime influence on aerosol levels in these regions. However, the impact of SS on AOD was less pronounced in the BWh zone, reflecting regional differences in aerosol composition and sources. These findings demonstrate the major impact of dust aerosols and the complex contributions of other sources, offering insights for climate-sensitive air quality management in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tertsea Igbawua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diurnal solar energy and temperature changes over Nigeria using satellite data
This study investigated the diurnal variability of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and surface temperature across Nigeria’s major climatic zones. Daily all-sky surface shortwave downward irradiance and 2-m air temperature data spanning 2001–2023 were obtained from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). The daily datasets were aggregated into monthly means and analyzed across four climatological seasons. Daily variability was quantified using standard deviation, while long-term trends were assessed using simple linear regression, with statistical significance evaluated at p < 0.05. The relationship between GHI and surface temperature was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results show that daily GHI variability was highest in the southern tropical monsoon and tropical rainforest zones, whereas daily temperature variability was greatest in the northern warm desert and warm semi-arid regions. Monthly analysis revealed that GHI peaked in April over northern zones but reached maximum values in February across other regions. Surface temperature was highest between March and May, but lowest in August for the tropical monsoon, tropical rainforest, and Mediterranean climates; January for the warm semi-arid and warm desert climates; and December for the tropical savanna climate. Correlation analysis indicated very weak to moderate relationships between GHI and surface temperature. Regression results revealed a very weak to weak positive relationship, with significant differences across all locations examined ($p < 0.0001$). Long-term trends showed a slight increase in GHI across all climatic zones, while surface temperature increased marginally in most regions except the northern warm semi-arid and warm desert zones.
Copyright (c) 2025 Louis Tersoo Abiem, David Inalegwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrative approaches of multivariate convolutional neural networks with a dynamic conditional correlation model for forecasting stock market volatility
Machine learning and deep learning approaches have been extensively studied across various fields, significantly contributing to the successful resolution of numerous problems. Examples include image classification, computer vision applications, and natural language processing. Owing to their powerful capabilities, they have not only made significant contributions in the fields above but also increasingly been applied to time series analysis, particularly in analyzing financial time series to forecast the volatility and correlation among stock markets. Researchers have proposed hybrid models that combine machine learning and deep learning approaches with statistical and econometric models to enhance time series analysis and forecasting. In this work, the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model, as an econometric model, and multivariate convolutional neural networks (MCNNs), as deep learning models, are employed to construct hybrid models to enhance the forecasts of dynamic volatility and correlation among stock markets. Two methods are presented for combining the DCC model with the convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The results show that the best way to combine the DCC model and the CNN model is to use the outputs of the CNN model as inputs to the DCC model. The hybrid DCC-MCNN model demonstrates stronger performance across both in-sample and out-of-sample accuracy measures, such as the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Specifically, the hybrid DCC-MCNN model emerges as the top performer among the evaluated models, surpassing both the single model approaches and the hybrid MCNN-DCC model in forecasting time-varying volatility and correlation among stock markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anas Eisa Abdelkreem Mohammed, Henry Mwambi, Bernard Omolo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Baobab shell powder as a bio-filler in HDPE composites: mechanical, and physical properties
This study develops and characterizes high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with 0–20 wt% baobab shell powder (BSP) as a sustainable bio-filler. Composites were fabricated via compression molding and assessed for mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. XRF analysis revealed high metal oxide content in BSP—K2O (29.32%), MgO (16.27%), CaO (12.42%), Al2O3 (12.12%), and SiO2 (11.73%)—indicating multifunctional potential. FTIR confirmed lignocellulosic functional groups (O–H, C–H, C=O, C–O). Tensile strength peaked at 10.996 N/mm2 (20 wt%, +6.14% vs. neat HDPE); yield strength peaked at 26.35 N/mm2 (15 wt%), suggesting improved matrix interaction. Flexural strength dropped to 2.24 N/mm2 at 10 wt% but stabilized thereafter; elongation at break fell from 37.74% to 7.87%, indicating increased rigidity. Impact energy dropped from 4.0 J to 1.63 J, while hardness and density rose from 11.36 to 28.66 N/m2 and 0.87 to 0.93 g/cm3, respectively. Water absorption remained low until day 6, then rose sharply to ~20% (20 wt%) by day 8 due to interfacial degradation. Composites with ≤10 wt% BSP showed better moisture resistance. The results demonstrated that BSP enhances stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength but reduces ductility and impact resistance, making it suitable for non-structural applications in automotive, packaging, and sustainable construction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel S. Sudi, Haruna P. Wante, Ndubuisi Mbada, Isah Baba, Bamidele Boluwatife, Solomon Adeleke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Depth estimation of the residualfield of Patigi Area, Nigeria , using source parameter imaging and spectral depth analysis
Aeromagnetic depth estimation was carried out over a one-half-degree sheet in the southwestern Bida Basin, Northcentral Nigeria. The area, bounded by latitudes 8◦30′–9◦0′ N and longitudes 5◦30′–6◦0′ E, is underlain by Campanian–Maastrichtian sandstones and basement rocks of granite-gneiss and migmatites. Potential field methods were applied to investigate subsurface sedimentary thickness. Regional–residual separation was achieved using polynomial fitting, and the residual field was analyzed using source parameter imaging (SPI) and power spectrum techniques for depth estimation around Pategi and environs. The residual map was subdivided into nine spectral sections to examine depth variations from magnetic sources. SPI results revealed depths ranging from 53.4m to 2766.5m, with a mean of 284.3m. Spectral analysis indicated shallow magnetic sources between 0.730km to 1.359km (average 1.100km) and deeper sources between 1.927km to 2.840km (average 2.333km). The maximum sedimentary thickness of 2.840km was found in the north-central area, including Pategi, Baradogi, Wando, and Edogi. These results indicate significant hydrocarbon potential. Integrated geological and geophysical studies are recommended to validate reservoir structures and assess viability for exploration.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Salaudeen, T. A. Adagunodo, A. O. Busari, K. O. Suleman, L. A. Sunmonu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implicit one-step optimized fourth-derivative hybrid block method for directly solving general third-order IVPs
This paper introduces a single-step optimized fourth-derivative block hybrid method specifically designed to solve general third-order initial value problems directly. By incorporating advanced optimization techniques, the method significantly improves accuracy and computational efficiency. Extensive analysis confirms that the method exhibits zero-stability, consistency, A-stability, and convergence properties. Numerical experiments conducted in this study reveal that the proposed method surpasses existing approaches in accuracy, establishing it as a significant advancement in the numerical solution of higher-order initial value problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. D. Yakubu, P. Sibanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pesticide handling practices and residue levels in yam and cassava across Nasarawa South, Nigeria
The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture poses serious health and environmental risks, especially in regions with weak regulatory enforcement. This study examines pesticide handling practices among farmers and assesses pesticide residues in yam (Dioscorea spp.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) across Nasarawa South, Nigeria. Data were collected from 430 farmers using structured questionnaires and analysed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Additionally, yam and cassava samples were analyzed for pesticide residues using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residue recovery ranged from 70% to 130%, confirming method reliability. Findings indicated poor adherence to safe storage and disposal practices, with household trash disposal being the most common method, posing environmental risks. Regional disparities were noted: Lafia exhibited better compliance in pesticide storage and disposal, while Awe lagged. Residue analysis revealed organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides in food samples. Although no pesticide residues were detected in yam from Awe and cassava from Lafia, banned pesticides like Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC) (0.000066 mg/kg) and Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane (DDT) (0.00013 mg/kg) were found at varying concentrations in the cassava sample. However, mean residue levels remained below maximum residue limits. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved farmer education, stricter regulations, and sustainable pest management to mitigate health risks associated with pesticide exposure.
Copyright (c) 2025 F. H. Omotehinwa, M. O. Aremu, J. C. Onwuka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simulation of optical fiber power amplification via higher-order soliton generation using the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation
This study seeks to simulate the amplification of the optical fiber power by the generation of higher order solitons. This was achieved by solving an extended form of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) using the split step Fourier method (SSFM) with Gaussian functionals having multiple peaks as initial conditions to simulate the generation of higher order solitons in the optical fiber. Some key fiber parameters such as the coefficients of loss α, group velocity dispersion β and nonlinearity γ were varied and the respective effects on the optical fiber and soliton power were then observed using spatial plots, 3-D contour plots and image color maps. Results obtained showed that in all soliton orders, higher order solitons were created when β was increased from 0.05 to 0.1 fs/nm.km. This shows a broadening of the soliton to create higher order solitons when dispersion is managed within that range which results in a boost in the peak soliton power amplified from 4.5309 W to 14.9508 W and then to 15.0828W as the soliton order was increased from 1st – 2nd – 3rd order respectively using Gaussian functionals. The extra power gained is as a result of the fact that a newly created soliton takes its energy from the radiation present in the dispersed soliton even though the optical power attenuates. It was also observed that, increasing the coefficients α, β and γ from 0.1 – 1.0 results in a continuous attenuation of the optical fiber power leading to the propagation of radiation (noisy signal) in the optical fiber which scatters and exponentially decays after a short distance along the length of the optical fiber.
Copyright (c) 2025 E. V. Tikyaa, E. S. Nyiyongo , M. B. Ochang, S. D. Igba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacts of high-dose gamma irradiation on the mechanical, structural and thermal properties of doum fiber reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPe)
High-density polyethylene (HDPe) has widespread application in pharmaceutical packaging and medical devices since it is biocompatible and stable. Research on the impact of high-dose gamma irradiation on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Doum fiber-reinforced HDPe composites at 0 wt.%, 20wt.% and 40 wt.% is required due to the composite nature of the material. The research involves synthesis and analysis of gamma irradiation impacts properties of biomass-reinforced HDPe. The samples were irradiated at 0-150 Gy, and then subjected to mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings illustrated that gamma irradiation at 100Gy greatly improved tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength because of enhanced fiber-matrix interaction and crosslinking effects. Tensile strength was improved from 16.93 MPa (0 Gy) to 26.80 MPa, hardness was improved from 53.83 Kgf/mm2 to 70.43 Kgf/mm2, and impact strength was optimum at 1.0187 J/mm. Mechanical properties at 150 Gy were compromised because of degradation of the polymer via chain scission. TGA analysis indicated improved thermal stability at 100Gy, as manifested by the increased onset decomposition temperature, while at 150 Gy, degradation and oxidative effects led to decreased stability. FTIR analysis indicated structural change, in accordance with higher crosslinking at 100Gy and degradation at 150Gy. The results confirm that the modest irradiation (100 Gy) is accountable for optimum mechanical and thermal properties and higher irradiations (150 Gy) cause degradation. It also optimizes the performance of Doum fiber-reinforced HDPe composites to a maximum at 40 wt.% fiber content, and to meet high-performance structural applications in medical, pharmaceutical, and aerospace applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Lubem James Utume, Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Muhammad Sani, Wasiu Salami Oyeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
One-pot synthesis and antimicrobial efficacy of polymeric schiff base metal complexes derived from o-phenylenediamine and terephthalaldehyde
The antimicrobial efficacies of Schiff base Polymeric Ligand (SBPL) and Polymeric Schiff base Metal Complexes (PSBMCs) have been explored. Schiff base Polymeric Ligand (SBPL) and Polymeric Schiff base Metal Complexes (PSBMCs) derived from polycondensation of terephthalaldehyde, o-phenylenediamine and metal ions (M–L, Al3+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Fe3+ ) were synthesized in ethanol at room temperature through one-pot synthesis. The PSBL and PSBMCs synthesized were characterized using spectroscopic techniques: FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and Uv-vis (Ultraviolet visible). The spectroscopic data revealed that the azomethine functional group is involved in the complexation of metal ions with PSBL forming PSBMCs and geometry of PSBMCs is suggestive to be octahedral. The antibacterial and antifungi efficacies of SBPL and PSBMCs were examined on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus employing the agar well diffusion method, Penicillin and omeprazole served as standard drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity respectively. The PBSMCs displayed promising activities in comparison with starting compound (SBPL). The Cu-L was found to be most potent antimicrobial agent against all tested bacterial and fungal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahab Adesina Osunniran, Rukayat Abdulmalik, Sulaiman Habib Adana, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of early detection and intervention on congenital heart defects in infants and children: a systematic review
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality among congenital disabilities, affecting approximately 1% of live births. This review analyzes the critical role of early detection and intervention strategies in optimizing care for pediatric patients with CHD, utilizing a comprehensive literature search across scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed,Web of Science, Springer Link, and Science Direct for articles published between 2014 and 2024. A total of 10 studies were included, representing diverse populations and healthcare systems, which provided a global perspective on CHD prevalence and diagnosis in infants and children. These studies, comprising case-control studies from Mount Sinai Medical Center, cohort studies from regions such as Denmark, Paris, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, and cross-sectional studies from China and France/Belgium, highlight the clinical challenges associated with CHD and the long-term developmental and psycho-social implications for affected children. The findings underscore the necessity of continued efforts in maternal health, early screening, and holistic care approaches to improve outcomes for children with CHD worldwide. Ultimately, the review emphasizes that early detection is crucial for enhancing survival rates and quality of life and advocates for integrating medical and psycho-social support to address the multifaceted needs of these children.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. T. Akah, J. E. Enoh, B. Nkeh-Chungag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zero-inflated and hurdle models with an application to the number of involved axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer in Zimbabwe: A bootstrap resampling validation approach
Breast cancer, increasingly prevalent in Zimbabwe, underscores the need to understand the involved axillary nodal status in diagnosed patients for assessment of disease severity and its potential progression. This study was undertaken to investigate factors influencing the number of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients by identifying the best fitting count regression model, validated through bootstrap resampling. A retrospective analysis using hospital-based data for patients diagnosed with breast cancer at one of the two major referral hospitals in Zimbabwe was applied. We evaluated and compared count regression models – Poisson with Negative Binomial (NB), Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB), Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP), Hurdle Negative Binomial (HNB) and Hurdle Poisson (HP) which are efficient in handling over-dispersed count data to investigate the various risk factors associated with involved axillary lymph nodes. Covariates included age, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status and HER2 status. Model diagnostics were assessed using Aikake Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. The ZINB and HNB models outperformed other models, with the HNB model demonstrating consistency across bootstrap-resampled datasets. Bootstrap resampling validated the reliability of model estimates, addressing biases caused by small sample sizes. Age was significantly associated with the zero-inflation component of the HNB model. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate count regression models for analyzing medical data and demonstrates the utility of integrating bootstrap resampling to ensure robust statistical inference. The findings provide actionable insights for therapy planning and resource allocation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bester Saruchera, Oliver Bodhlyera, Henry Mwambi, Ntokozo Ndlovu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel one-step optimized hybrid block method for solving general second-order ordinary differential equations
This study introduces a novel one-step hybrid block method for solving both stiff and non-stiff second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The method incorporates optimization techniques and higher derivative functions, addressing the computational challenges of stiff ODEs while ensuring key numerical properties such as zero-stability, A-stability, and convergence. Numerical experiments demonstrate the method’s effectiveness across various problems, including classical examples from heat conduction, electrical circuits, and the Van der Pol oscillator. The results reveal that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy and efficiency, significantly outperforming existing methods in the literature. These findings underscore the potential of this approach as a robust and versatile tool for solving a wide variety of practical ODEs in engineering and applied sciences.
Fourth-derivative, Optimized hybrid block method, Stiff ODEs
Litho-structural study and depth estimation of Shaki area of Southwestern, Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data
Little studies have been carried out in the investigation of some geological faults associated with seismic activities in Nigeria; probably due to the fact that Nigeria is believed to be sitting on a seismically safe African plate. However, the nation has experienced series of tremors in the last few decades. Hence, there is a need to investigate the lithological structural trends in some parts of Southwestern Nigeria to determine the tectonic stability of the study area. This research therefore investigates the litho-structural trends and the overburden thickness around Shaki area, Southwestern, Nigeria. High resolution aeromagnetic data (HRAD) of Shaki (sheet 199) was obtained from the Nigeria Geological Survey Agency; it was processed, enhanced, and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 data processing and analysis software package. The depth to basement analysis were done using Euler Deconvolution (ED), Radially Average Power Spectrum (RAPS) and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) to evaluate the depth to basement of the investigated area. Results of the estimated depth to basement obtained from ED, RAPS and SPI revealed 136-6155 m, 0.2-0.65 m, 96-3229 m. Thus, based on the results obtained from the investigated area, the basement of the area is relatively shallow compared to sedimentary basement area. In conclusion, the faults in the area are responsible for the earth tremor experienced around Shaki in August 2021. Thus, the area could be further probed using seismic refraction method.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. M Adedokun, O. P. Oladejo, K. O. Suleiman, K. N. Alao, E. O Adeniyi, H. Otobrise, O. Adedokun, L. A. Sunmonu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A trifecta of antioxidant, antifungal, and catalytic excellence
In this study, green synthesis methods were employed to fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Newbouldia laevis leaves plant extract. Several analytical methods, including Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, were used to characterise the green synthesised ZnONPs. The synthesis of ZnONPs with distinct properties was successfully demonstrated by the structural and morphological investigations. The existence of functional groups involved in the stabilisation and reduction of the nanoparticles was established by FTIR. The shape of the nanoparticles was revealed by TEM. It produced non-spherical particles with a well-defined size distribution, a crystalline structure with a hexagonal shape morphology, and an average nanoparticle size of 34.8 nm. The ZnONPs that were green-synthesised demonstrated unique antioxidant characteristics. The findings showed that the ZnONPs’ capacity to scavenge radicals increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Excellent antifungal activities against Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergilus fumigatus, and Candida albicans were also demonstrated by the synthesised ZnONPs. This suggests that at 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL, the environmentally friendly ZnONPs show inhibitory zones that range from 9 to 18 mm. The use green synthesized ZnO NPs have shown excellent antifungal, antioxidant and photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol under sunlight. Green synthesis, zinc oxide nanoparticles, 4-ntrophenol, Trichophyton rubrum.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abraham Y. Danas, Ayomide H. Labulo, Abdullahi Usman, Ibrahim Hassan, Augustine D. Terna, Festus O. Ogungbemiro, David A. Oyinade, Ambo A. Idzi, Mojisola Owoseni, Maryam Isah, Rukayat A. Ashonibare, Kehinde A. Ojedola, Hafsat O. Dahiru, Zikhona Tywabi-Ngeva, Muhammad A. Said, Caroline A. Muaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examination of the potential for geothermal energy in parts of the Benue trough, Nigeria, through the use of high-resolution aeromagnetic data
Aeromagnetic data from nine sheets covering parts of Benue Trough Nigeria were analyzed to identify potential geothermal locations. The aeromagnetic data sheets were analyzed with Oasis Montaj 8.4, Matlab 7.5, Arcmap 10.7.1, and Surfer 13 combined. The centroid depth method was used to spectrally evaluate the depth of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. The findings showed that the research area's geothermal heat flow values range from 88.52259 mW/m2 to 166.2844 mW/m2, while the Curie Point Depth values range from 8.55 km to 16.38 km with a mean depth of 12.2068 km. The Geothermal Gradient values vary from 35.40904 ℃/km to 66.51376 ℃/km with a mean value of 48.85639 ℃/km. The region's mean thermal transfer is 122.1410 mW/m2. It appears that the Curie Point Depth is highest for the lowest thermal transfer values and lowest for the highest thermal transfer values. The study area's heat flow measurements indicate that the crust is oceanic. The comprehensive geothermal data this study provides may aid the study area's exploitation of geothermal energy. Given the extremely high heat flow recorded, there is a likelihood that the studied area has geothermal energy sources. As a result, it was observed that practically the entire study region had substantial heat flow (>80 mW/m2), suggesting the possibility of a geothermal energy source.
Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Aza Ahile, Osita Chukwudi Meludua, Adetola Sunday Oniku, Sebastian Abraham Sunu, Lucky Peter Kenda, Simon Kwarki, Joseph Orojah Osumeje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reduced graphene oxide as the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cell: effect on the photovoltaic performance
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced an unprecedented advancement in the last decade owing to their astonishingly attractive properties, especially high-power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this study, the influence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells prepared via solution processes-based spin coating method was investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR), UV-visible spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to study the properties of the prepared films. ITO/MAPbBr3/Gr and ITO/rGO/MAPbBr3/Gr planar PSCs were fabricated via spin coating method. ITO/rGO/MAPbBr3/Gr film achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.1 short circuit current (Jsc) of 7.5 mAcm−2 and fill factor (FF) of 61.2% compared to a PCE of 3.6%, Jsc of 6.6 mAcm−2 and FF of 58.0% achieved compared to PCE of 3.6%, %, Jsc of 6.6 mAcm−2 and FF of 58.0% achieved by ITO/MAPbBr3/Gr film. The PSC demonstrated the percentage enhancement value of 16.80% when modified with rGO. This study shows that rGO generated functional groups that act as conducting bridge in reducing the contact resistance between interface of the device.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olumuyiwa Aderemi Oyekanmi, S. Amole, O. Akinrinola, O. Adedokun, A. K. Dauda, F. A. Ojeniyi, A. O. Awodugba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wastewater treatment, greenhouse gas emissions, and our environment
The reclamation and reuse of wastewater is a vital process that helps to address water pollution and scarcity problems. Nevertheless, wastewater treatment is also a significant source of greenhouse gases (methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide). Methane, the most significant greenhouse gas is majorly emitted during anaerobic process, carbon dioxide from aerobic processes while nitrous oxide is associated with nitrification and denitrification processes. The increase in the level of these greenhouse gases is the main cause of global warming and climate change and has resulted in change in weather patterns, severe weather events, habitat loss and loss of wildlife. The adjusting of operating conditions, conversion of methane to fuel for energy production, carbon dioxide capturing are some highlighted methods to minimize the release of these heat-trapping gases from wastewater treatment plants. Also, methods of monitoring these GHG as well as the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the management of wastewater are also discussed in this review.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ifeoma Anne Anazonwu, Mochamad Zakki Fahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermented Moringa oleifera seed-cassava inclusion improves protein and selected biochemical indices in alloxan-induced diabetes in animal model
Despite the availability of many pharmacological interventions for diabetes management, current evidence shows an alarming rising trend in the occurrence of undesirable complications, confirming that other complementary approaches are required. This study evaluated the nutraceutical properties of fermented Moringa oleifera seed-Cassava (FMOC) inclusion on selected biochemical parameters in rats induced with diabetes. Portions of cassava was substituted with moringa seed at 100:0 (control), 80:20 (not fermented:T1), 80:20 (fermented;T2) and 70:30% (fermented:T3). Fermentation was achieved using a starter culture containing Lactic acid bacteria for 36 h. Thirty-six (36) male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6/group). Groups B-F were rendered diabetic using alloxan (150 mg/kg. bw; IP) while group A served as the normal control. The effects of FMOC on proximate and selected biochemical indices of diabetic rats were evaluated. Results showed that protein increased significantly (p<0.05) (2.43}0.1 to 20.44} 02 g/100g) in the fermented sample as against non fermented control. All test diets (especially T2) counteracted the diabetic effects in rats by lowering (P<0.05) the elevated serum levels of glucose (249.0 to 105.6 mg/dl), Cholesterol (6.73 to 4.13mmol/L), TAG (2.43 to 1.99mmo/L), LDL (3.72 to 2.66mmol/L), Urea (35.3 to 23.2mmol/L) and malondialdehyde (2.34 to 1.29mg/dl) compared with diabetic group. It also improved (P<0.05) glutathione (2.69-3.76mg/dl) and catalase enzyme activity (1.52-2.90 U/mg). No significant effect was recorded for HDL (P>0.05). Histological outcomes of pancreas corroborated these findings. A food–based approach incorporating fermented M. oleifera seed could be considered an effective strategy to manage the complications that might arise from diabetes.
Crank–Nicolson finite difference formulation
Time fractional convection-diffusion-reaction equation
Copyright (c) 2024 P. N. Anyiam, C. P. Nwuke, E. N. Uhuo, O. Ajah, C. P. Uche, E. M. Kalu, P. C. Kelechi, B. M. Eddie-Nkwoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of risk factors/prevalence of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and central-obesity in people living with HIV/AIDS at the Bamenda Regional Hospital
Despite the advancement and benefits of antiretroviral therapy in recent years since its introduction, it has also resulted in complications such as metabolic syndrome like insulin resistance. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV/AIDS (on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and HAART-naïve) at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. 273 participants were consecutively recruited; 191 were HAART-exposed, and 82 were HAART-naïve. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were conducted under standard conditions. Fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, and High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), were determined spectrophotometrically. Chi-square (χ2) and odd ratios were used to compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndromes between cases and controls at a 99% confidence interval. The study recorded a prevalence of 24.2%, 3.66%, 38.1% and 39.56% for insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and central obesity, respectively. HAART-naïve were significantly about twice at risk of developing decreased HDL compared to the HAART-exposed group [OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.14-3.66; P=0.015]. However, HAART-treatment duration ≥10 years was significantly associated with hyperglycemia. The type of HAART regimen also showed a significant association with increased central obesity. It is evident from this study that the following risk factors of metabolic syndrome are common among HIV/AIDS patients: lower HDL, central obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and age≥50 years. This, therefore, highlights the importance of these patients regulating their lifestyle since there is a rising risk of developing metabolic syndromes among them.
Copyright (c) 2024 Enoh Jude Eteneneng, Ngu Felix Akum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geothermal parameter assessment in the Southwestern Sokoto Basin, Nigeria, using spectral analysis (centroid method)
This study utilized spectral analysis (centroid method) to assess geothermal parameters in the southwestern part of the Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. The high-resolution airborne data comprised forty-nine (49) overlapping blocks, and each block was divided into 55x55 km to evaluate essential parameters such as depth to the top boundary (Zt ), centroid depth (Zo), and magnetic source bottom (Zb = 2Zo-Zt ). The analysis revealed variable Curie points depths (CPD), ranging from 3.89 km to 26.56 km. The lowest CPD is primarily associated with basement rocks within anomalies A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, with an average CPD of 9.16 km. Furthermore, the thermal gradients ranged from 21.84 ◦C/km to 149.10 ◦C/km, with an average thermal gradient of 73.30 ◦C/km. The heat flow exhibited variations between 54.81 mW/m² and 374.24 mW/m², with average heat flow of 180.4 mW/m², indicating significant geothermal potential zones. The high thermal gradients and heat flow regions were identified, around anomalies A, B, and C. Additionally, temperature gradients identified at shallow depths ranged from 110 ◦C/km to 150 ◦C/km. The results reveal the presence of high-temperature points and anomalous geothermal potentials, particularly within anomalies A, B, and C, thus requiring further for sustainable geothermal energy generation in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2024 U. Z. Magawata, N. K Olasunkanmi, T. A ISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid block formulae whose eigenvalues of Jacobian matrices are close to the imaginary axis of the complex plane
Methods for integrating stiff initial value problems are required to be A-stable. Of great interest are A-stable methods whose Jacobian matrices have their eigenvalues close to the imaginary axis of the complex plane. This class of A-stable methods are very rare. This paper is on the development of a new family of A-stable hybrid block method whose Jacobian matrices possess eigenvalues on the imaginary of the complex plane via interpolation and collocation techniques. The family of methods developed herein are A-stable for order p ≤ 18. Numerical solutions generated by the new method are compared with existing methods in the literature. The numerical results show that the new class of methods are more efficient and accurate.
Copyright (c) 2024 J. E. Kona, K. O. Muka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solving hyperchaotic initial value problems using second derivative extended trapezoidal rule of the second kind blended with generalized backward differentiation formulae with variable step size
This paper aims to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the second derivative block extended trapezoidal rule of the second kind, blended with generalized backward differentiation formulae using variable step sizes, in solving hyperchaotic initial value problems. Hyperchaotic systems, known for their rapidly changing solutions and extreme sensitivity to initial conditions, pose significant challenges for numerical methods. Traditional approaches often involve linearizing the systems or solving them in multiple sub-intervals, followed by combining the results. However, these methods can introduce errors due to the subdivision of intervals. The proposed method, which integrates the second derivative block extended trapezoidal rule with generalized backward differentiation formulae, offers a more precise solution by eliminating the need for interval subdivision and direct linearization. The continuous formulation of this method is derived using a multistep inversion technique that blends two linear multistep methods, while the discrete schemes are deduced from their continuous interpolants. Convergence analyses of these schemes are presented, demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed block methods. As a result, these methods are well-suited for solving hyperchaotic and other nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
Copyright (c) 2024 E. J. Onoja, U. W. Sirisena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Williamson-hall analysis and absorption spectrum fitting in the estimation of crystallite size and band gap energy of CdZnS thin films
CdZnS ternary thin film was successfully prepared from cadmium sulphide (CdS)/zinc sulphide (ZnS) bilayer and its subsequent post thermal annealing via chemical bath technique. X-ray diffraction measurement indicates that the samples presented a crystalline wurtzite phase with (002) plane as the preferred orientation. Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis was employed to estimate the crystallite size and the microstrain. The result showed that the crystallite size decreases with increasing ZnS layer deposition times. Using the Tauc model, the absorption spectrum fitting (ASF) procedure was used to determine the optical band gap energy. The values of the band gap energy range between 3.61 and 3.66 eV, with the values increasing with ZnS layer deposition times.
Williamson-Hall, Energy band gap, Crstallite size
Copyright (c) 2024 O. O. Olasanmi, A. I. Mukolu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa processed through different thermal methods
Comparative analysis of the microbial properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces and leaves (Red variety) was subjected to different thermal drying methods: electric oven, infrared oven, and sun drying was conducted using standard analytical and molecular techniques. The study revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in microbial loads, with sun drying exhibiting the lowest heterotrophic bacterial load at 3.56 ± 0.13 log10 CFU/g, compared to the electric oven and infrared drying methods, which recorded bacterial loads of 3.82 ± 0.35 and 3.85 ± 0.14 log10 CFU/g, respectively. Similarly, sun drying yielded a fungal count of 3.60 ± 0.43 log10 CFU/g, indicative of a differential impact of drying methods on fungal contamination levels. Oven drying of leaf samples uniquely identified Vibrio at 2.00 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g, highlighting a potential safety concern associated with this method. Through sequencing analysis, a diverse microbial spectrum was identified, including Proteus vulgaris strain SI-9, Acinetobacter baumannii strain ZHOU, Providencia rettgeri strain AR_0082, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DBH3, among others. These findings underscore the necessity of selecting appropriate drying methods to mitigate microbial risks effectively. Phylogenetic analysis delineated the genetic relationships among the isolates, reflecting their potential ecological origins and emphasizing the influence of anthropogenic activities on microbial diversity in processed food products. The comparative assessment of drying methods in this study advocates for enhanced processing protocols to ensure the microbial safety of Hibiscus sabdariffa, aligning with global food safety standards and promoting consumer trust in the quality of dried botanicals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatunla, O.K., Igoche, K.O., Alonge, A.F., Udofia, U.S., Oladejo, A.O., Udoh, M.E., Akpan, M.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global convergence properties of a Dai-Liao-type CGM for unconstrained optimization
A popular optimization technique called the conjugate gradient method (CGM) is renowned for its effectiveness in addressing problems involving unconstrained optimization. Several conjugate gradient (CG) techniques have been proven to possess global convergence properties both theoretically and numerically. The Dai-Liao-type CGM is a variant that incorporates certain modifications to enhance its convergence properties. This paper examines the global convergence properties of a Dai-Liao-type CGM for unconstrained optimization problems. Theoretically, this study investigates the conditions under which the method ensures convergence to the global minimum of the objective function, focusing on the algorithm’s descent directions, the necessary reduction in objective function values, and termination criteria. A numerical experiment is conducted on a set of unconstrained optimization problems to validate the theoretical results obtained in this work. The numerical findings of this study demonstrate the robustness and reliability of the Dai-Liao-type CGM, showing its ability to find the global optimal solution in a wide range of unconstrained optimization problems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Oluwaseun Biodun Onuoha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiosis and GC-MS of secondary metabolites of rhizosphere bacteria from Manatee foodplants in the humic freshwater ecosystem of Eniong river, Nigeria
Microorganisms are able to synthesize secondary metabolites of various structures and bioactivities. These metabolites are produced to help the organism compete successfully with other organisms in their natural habitat and adapt with changing environmental milieu. The ability of rhizosphere bacteria (Bacillus subtilis NC_000964.3 and Pseu-domonas aeruginosa NC_002516.2) isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Manatee food plants Mimosa pygra, Ipomeoa aquatica and Pistia stratoites to inhibit the growth of human pathogens (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis) was evaluated using standard methods. It was observed that the growth extracts of B. subtilis strains M5, M8 and P7 and P. aeruginosa strains I3 and M9 contained useful bioactive compound. GC-MS analysis of the cell -free methanol extract of the antibiotic producing bacterial strains was also evaluated and the results showed that their inhibitory potentials against bacterial pathogens are due to the presence of phenylethyl alcohol, 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, bicyclo [4.2.0] octa-1,3,5-triene and 4-amino-2-methyl-5,6-dimethyl pyrimidine for B. subtilis and 3,4-dimethyl tetrahydrofuran, 4,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5- heptenoic acid and 2,4-dimethyl-4-heptanol for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These strains of rhizosphere bacteria may be exploited to produce new antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2024 O. Fatunla, J. P. Essien, B. N. Ita, N. U. Asamudo, J. Ekong, O. U. M. John, N. A. Abraham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review on performance optimization of Lithium Sulphur Batteries (LiSBs) using carbon based electrodes
Presently, researchers’ and experts are currently dealing with ways to maintain and improve the best performance of several energy storage technologies. This review focuses on how adding carbon derivatives to lithium sulfur battery (LiSBs) electrodes can reduce capacity fade, resistance, breakdown and poor performance while also enabling the best possible use of LiSBs in a variety of devices. Their rate as regards specific capacitance, energy and power densities, life duration, lightweight, etc., are among these optimal performances. The global energy crisis focused more scientists’ attention on how to enhance the performance of LiSBs devices for the benefit of humanity. Numerous carbon derivatives, including GO, rGO, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc., have advantageous properties that raise the efficiency of energy storage technologies. This review looked at LiSBs and the impact of carbon derivatives addition on their storage capability, cycle stability, life span and durability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raphael M. Obodo, Innocent C. Nwodo, Princess C. Ani, Ekwevugbe Omugbe, C. Mbamara, Ugochukwu C. Elejere, Chimezie U. Eze, Ishaq Ahmad, M. Maaza, Joseph N. Aniezi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lithological and structural mapping of parts of southwestern Nigeria using aeromagnetic data
There have been several magnitude earthquakes in Nigeria since 1933. However, their exact causes are yet unascertained. This study focuses on delineation of underground geologic frameworks and hydrothermal alteration zones that could encourage seismic energy transmission, groundwater storage and mineralization within parts of Southwestern Nigeria. Data optimization was conducted using vertical derivatives, horizontal derivative, upward continuation, and analytic signal approach. The study area is dissected by sinistral and dextral faults along NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S, E-W directions. The NE-SW trend is typical of major lithospheric processes and fracture lines cross-cutting formation(s) underlying Ikogosi warm spring, Ipole-Iloro waterfall, Arinta waterfall and Effon-Alaaye waterfall (all in Ekiti state), and Erin-Ijesha waterfall (Osun State) which also dominated the current position of granite and adjoining fractures. The quartzite belt stretching in NE–SW direction is an aquifer network with significant storage potential. The NNE-SSW trends is typical of major lithospheric processes and fracture lines cross-cutting formation(s) underlying Ikogosi warm spring, Ipole-Iloro waterfall, Arinta waterfall and Effon-Alaaye waterfall (all in Ekiti state), and Erin-Ijesha waterfall (Osun State) which also dominated the current position of granite and adjoining fractures. The quartzite belt stretching in NE–SW direction is an aquifer network with significant storage potential. The NNE-SSW trends relates to Ifewara-Kalangai fault while NW-SE depicts the separation of South American from African plate. The overlap between NW-SE and NE-SW lineaments suggest fractures produced by similar tectonic events, probably the Pan African orogeny. Also, locations of lineament intersection are plausible zones for groundwater, geothermal and hosts to mineralized targets as evidenced by small scale mining activities in the area. These fault lines serve as channels for the transmission of seismic energy that gives rise to earth tremors. The mapped lineaments serve as guide in solid mineral prospecting and geothermal exploration. Results from this study has enriched existing knowledge about future earthquake occurrence which will assist in hazard prevention.
Copyright (c) 2024 Emmanuel Ike, Adetola Sunday Oniku, Sabastine Chinedu Ezike, Rodney Ewusi-Wilson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0