Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
type: channel
description: Welcome to the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences! As the premier platform for showcasing cutting-edge research and innovative discoveries in the field of physical sciences, we are delighted to welcome you to our digital space. Our proceedings serve as a vital repository of knowledge, capturing the insights and contributions of esteemed researchers, scholars, and practitioners from across Nigeria and beyond. Within these pages, you will find a diverse array of scholarly works presented at our esteemed conferences, spanning a wide spectrum of disciplines within the physical sciences. From physics and chemistry to astronomy and geology, our proceedings encompass the latest advancements and breakthroughs that are shaping the future of scientific inquiry. Our commitment to excellence extends to the rigorous peer-review process undertaken by our esteemed panel of experts, ensuring that only the highest quality research receives a place within our proceedings. As a result, readers can trust in the reliability and integrity of the content presented here. Whether you are a seasoned researcher seeking to stay abreast of the latest developments or a curious enthusiast eager to explore the frontiers of scientific discovery, the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences offers a wealth of knowledge and insight to enrich your understanding. We invite you to delve into our archives, explore our latest publications, and join us on a journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us push the boundaries of knowledge and inspire future generations of scientists to pursue their passions and make meaningful contributions to the world of physical sciences. Welcome to our community, where curiosity knows no bounds, and the pursuit of knowledge is celebrated.
publisher: FLAYOO PHL
language: en
publication name: Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
issn: 1115-5876
items: Pursuit differential game with high-order dynamic
items: A novel class of Obrechkoff-type methods for solving boundary value problems
items: Multisectoral data lakehouse for climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable food securityin Nigeria
items: Healthcare delivery in Bayelsa State through health systems modeling
items: Enhancing cloud data security using quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum cryptography
items: A systematic literature review of multivariate normal variance-mean mixture representations in pharmacokinetic studies
items: Harnessing the ethnomedicinal potentials of Citrus aurantiifolia and Anacardium occidentale for local drug development: A strategy to mitigate Nigeria’s economic challenges
items: Comparative analysis of concrete strength utilizing quarry crushed and locally sourced coarse aggregates in Jos metropolis
items: Effect of viscous dissipation on steady-state pressure-driven flow in a horizontal porous channel
items: Comparative studies for determining the optical band gap energy of CuSe thin films
items: Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibition on mild steel by parts of anogeissus leiocarpusin acidic medium
items: Smart communities: enhancing local processes through artificial intelligence and quality of life
items: Leveraging EBG integration for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement
items: Multisource data fusion for enhanced gold mineral prospectivity mapping in Yagba West, Kogi State: a machine learning approach
items: Investigation of fault zone and its environmental impact in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria
items: Android malware detection using random forest algorithm
items: Assessment of physicochemical properties of Lafarge cement towards achieving a sustainable society
items: Modelling the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of tuberculosis in an age-structured population
items: Effect of deformation on alpha decay of super-heavy nuclei within a Woods-Saxon model
items: Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes with schiff base derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide
items: A grid-based sectoring for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
items: Optimizing energy efficiency in IoT networks for sustainable smart cities: a focus on energy-efficient communication protocols
items: High performance multilayer satellite electronic shielding system (MULSES)
items: Investigating hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization in Birnin-Gwari through tranformation of aero-radiometric data
items: Chemostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analysis of sand-shale formations using core geochemical spectroscopy tools
items: Di-layers satellite electronic shielding system (DiLSES): fabrication and characterization
items: Mitigating MAC flooding attacks using port security techniques
items: Innovative mathematical application of game theory in solving healthcare allocation problem
items: Investigation of the geomagnetic storms’ impact on low-latitude ionosphere: case studies of October 2003 and March 2015 events
items: Stacking ensemble machine learning for predicting land surface temperature hotspots using landsat 9 data

Pursuit differential game with high-order dynamic
type: item
description: This study examines a pursuit–evasion differential game with finitely many pursuers and a single evader moving inside a nonempty compact convex region of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ The dynamics of all participants are governed by ordinary differential equations of degrees $n$ and $m$, while their control inputs satisfy coordinate-wise integral constraints. Capture is said to occur when at least one pursuer reaches the same position as the evader. Sufficient conditions ensuring that the pursuers can guarantee capture are derived, and constructive strategies are proposed to realize this outcome.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pursuer
  topic: keywords
subject: Evader
  topic: keywords
subject: Coordinate-wise integral constraint
  topic: keywords
subject: Convex set
  topic: keywords
subject: Differential Game
  topic: subjects
subject: Pursuit
  topic: subjects
subject: High-order dynamic
  topic: subjects
subject: Integral constraint
  topic: subjects
subject: Differential Game
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hassan Abdullahi
creator: Bashir Umar mai
creator: Bilyaminu Muhammad
creator: Sani Musa Tsoho
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Abdullahi, Bashir Mai Umar, Bilyaminu Muhammad, Sani Musa Tsoho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 315
ending page: 315
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.315

A novel class of Obrechkoff-type methods for solving boundary value problems
type: item
description: A new family of high-order Obrechkoff-type block methods for the direct solution of second-order boundary value problems is proposed in this study. To discretize the differential equations, the methods are built using piecewise linear and constant approaches, as well as interpolation and collocation techniques based on Hermite splines of both first and higher orders. They are further developed using truncated power series expansions, achieving eighth order accuracy with favourable stability properties. The method captures key characteristics of the problem and is computationally efficient. A thorough theoretical analysis confirms that it is consistent, convergent, and zero-stable. A single illustrative example is considered and comparison with the well-known Runge–Kutta method demonstrates its superiority in accuracy and error reduction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Obrechkoff-type methods
  topic: keywords
subject: boundary value problem
  topic: keywords
subject: second-order differential equation
  topic: keywords
subject: numerical method
  topic: keywords
subject: stability analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Obrechkoff-type methods
  topic: subjects
subject: boundary value problem
  topic: subjects
subject: second-order differential equation
  topic: subjects
subject: numerical method
  topic: subjects
subject: stability analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Numerical Analysis
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sunday Fadugba
creator: Taiwo FAYODE
creator: Malesela Kekana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Emmanuel Fadugba, Taiwo Eniola Fayode, Malesela Clifford Kekana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 305
ending page: 305
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.305

Multisectoral data lakehouse for climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable food securityin Nigeria
type: item
description: Nigeria, the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa, faces multifaceted, overlapping problems of economic instability, security concerns, and an acute energy deficit, further aggravated by the ever-increasing impacts of climate change on its agricultural systems, a primary source of livelihood for millions. These hydra-headed challenges require a scientific, data-driven, informed response. The paper examines how principles from the physical sciences, particularly in data management, modelling, analytics, and systems integration, can be applied to promote efficient energy resource distribution for climate-resilient agriculture (CRA), thereby boosting the economy and ensuring long-term food security. A mixed-methods approach, combining literature reviews, AI tools, case studies of climate adaptation projects, ontology-driven data harmonisation, and stakeholder consultations, was used in the research. Findings revealed that an integrated National Climate–Water-Agriculture Data Lakehouse can significantly enhance climate-resilient agriculture and energy resource sharing, thereby improving the economy and food security. The hybrid Semantic Machine learning Framework provide accurate food security analytics and predictions. The initiative becomes a scientific laboratory and a decision-support ecosystem, transforming siloed databases into actionable insights that policymakers, researchers, and practitioners can use to enhance the economy. The paper concludes that a multisectoral ontology-driven National Climate-Water-Agriculture Data Lakehouse transforms physical science data into practical tools for climate-resilient agriculture by connecting laboratories to farmlands and datasets to decision-making, thereby enabling evidence-based agricultural governance and smart-agriculture to increase food production and boost the economies of the major and small-holding farmers in the face of emerging climatic chaos compounded by security concerns.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Precision Agriculture (PA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Data lakehouse
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy resource distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Ontology-driven data integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Semantic machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Data Harmonisation and machine learning
  topic: disciplines
creator: Adam Omeiza Yusuf
creator: Taiwo Kolajo
creator: Emeka Ogbuju
creator: Francisca Oladipo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Omeiza Yusuf, Taiwo Kolajo, Emeka Ogbuju, Francisca Oladipo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 287
ending page: 287
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.287

Healthcare delivery in Bayelsa State through health systems modeling
type: item
description: In Nigeria, improving healthcare delivery of course is still exceedingly difficult, in areas with resource-constrained settings like Bayelsa State especially. Indeed, in order to ascertain the factors affecting satisfaction of outpatients as a stand-in for healthcare delivery effectiveness, this research employed a health systems modeling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 200 outpatients at Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa. Multiple regression analysis was then used to evaluate the impact of waiting times, travel times, education levels, and healthcare system capacity and access on patient satisfaction. The statistical techniques: Tukey, Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Pagan, Shapiro-Wilk and Variance Inflation Factors were respectively employed to assess linearity, independence of errors, homoscedasticity, normality and multicollinearity. The robustness of the model was achieved by the diagnostic results, which reveal that the main assumptions were mostly achieved, justifying the reliability of the model. The results from the regression model explain about 42.3% of the variation in outpatient satisfaction and are significant statistically. The biggest positive predictor variable of satisfaction was capacity and access, emphasizing the significance of sufficient staffing, infrastructure, drug availability, and pricing. Service delays were determined as a major constraint in the delivery of healthcare, and waiting times were found to have a considerable negative impact on satisfaction. Travel time revealed a weaker negative influence, whereas level of education significantly did not affect satisfaction once factors of system-level were considered. To maximize healthcare delivery and raise patient satisfaction in Bayelsa State, waiting times must be decreased and the healthcare system's capacity must be strengthened.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health systems modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Outpatient satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple linear regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Science
  topic: subjects
subject: Statistics and Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: JUDE OPARA
creator: Uche Celestine Agwi
creator: Chidimma Udo Osuagwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jude Opara, Uche Celestine Agwi, Chidimma Udo Osuagwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 272
ending page: 272
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.272

Enhancing cloud data security using quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum cryptography
type: item
description: Cloud computing systems face serious security risks that are intensified by advances in quantum computing because powerful quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can break widely used public-key schemes which include RSA and ECC. The cloud environment needs Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) as countermeasures but their individual deployment creates problems because scalability and infrastructure requirements become obstacles for multi-tenant systems. This research proposes a hybrid security architecture that uses both hardware-based QKD for symmetric key generation over optical fibers and PQC for authentication through quantum-resistant key encapsulation using CRYSTALS-Kyber and digital signatures with CRYSTALS-Dilithium. The hybrid design uses XOR to combine the QKD-generated secret with the PQC-derived key material which creates the final session key yet security remains intact if either component gets compromised. The system tested on a private cloud testbed with 10 virtual machines and a 50 km commercial QKD link through optical fiber measured performance against Classical TLS 1.3 and PQC-TLS and QKD-only configurations. The results showed that QKD-only achieved the lowest handshake latency of 5.2 ms while the hybrid approach delivered the strongest security through a 19.8 ms overhead which was only 1.7 ms slower than pure PQC. After creating the secure channel all systems achieved similar data throughput of about 942 Mbps which shows that quantum-security mechanisms affect the connection setup phase instead of persistent data transfer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum Cloud Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-quantum cryptography (PQC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantum key distribution (QKD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid cryptography
  topic: keywords
subject: TLS handshake performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarjiyus
creator: Umaru Faruku Adamu
creator: Salamatu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 O. Sarjiyus, Umaru Faruku Adamu, Salamatu Umar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 266
ending page: 266
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.266

A systematic literature review of multivariate normal variance-mean mixture representations in pharmacokinetic studies
type: item
description: The NVMM framework is an integrated approach that extends the normal distribution by including heavy-tail properties. In spite rapid methodological advances in this distribution family, large amount of literature only focuses on mixing densities that provide average tail activities which are insufficient in capturing extreme variability that constantly occur in drug pharmacokinetic processes. This study provides an in depth systematic review of literature which focuses on multivariate and few univariate distributions developed using the NVMM approach with particular interest in the baseline distributions such as the normal, Kotz-type, and related distributions. And also, evaluating the different distributions used as mixing variables. This review followed a well-structured PRISMA procedure; the searches for literature related to the study were done with different databases namely PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. From 2,588 retrieved records (between Jan. 1st, 2000 to Dec. 31st, 2025), rigorous screening, eligibility criteria, and quality assessment yielded 17 high-quality studies for synthesis. Data extraction focused on distributional structures, mixing variables, estimation methods, and applications. After using the set criteria for selection, 17 literatures were identified and added to the study database for a qualitative synthesis. Our review showed different forms and alternative distributions that could arise from the normal, skew-normal, Kotz, Laplace, skew-Laplace etc using the NVMM framework. The review showed that distribution tail largely depends on the nature of the mixing variable. Finally, the review showed inadequate extreme variability capturing; suggesting the adaptation of a type II extreme-value distribution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heavy-tailed distributions
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixture representations
  topic: keywords
subject: Multivariate distributions
  topic: keywords
subject: Systematic review
  topic: keywords
subject: Variance-mean mixtures
  topic: keywords
subject: Statistics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Biostatistics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Chukwuemeka Lawrence Ani
creator: Musa Tasi’u
creator: Abubakar Usman
creator: Yahaya Zakari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 C. L. Ani, M. Tasi’u, A. Usman, Y. Zakari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 265
ending page: 265
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.265

Harnessing the ethnomedicinal potentials of Citrus aurantiifolia and Anacardium occidentale for local drug development: A strategy to mitigate Nigeria’s economic challenges
type: item
description: Nigeria possesses a vast botanical landscape of 7,895 plant species, in which 963 species are medicinal plants while 6,932 serve other purposes. The global medicinal plant sector is shifting from raw exports toward standardised, plant-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), a market projected to reach $271.14 billion by 2026. Nigeria is currently the fifth largest producer of cashew but earns only a few million dollars compared to other countries from a similar production volume. This comprehensive review synthesises current pharmacological and economic data regarding C. aurantiifolia (Lime) and A. occidentale (Cashew) as drivers for Nigeria’s bio-economy. Literature published between 2009 and 2026 was retrieved from five major academic databases, focusing on phytochemical efficacy, safety profiles, and industrial value chains. C. aurantiifolia contains bioactive flavonoids (hesperidin, eriocitrin) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while A. occidentale demonstrates significant metabolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Also, cashew byproducts like cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has immense industrial application. The review evaluates the transition from traditional ethnomedicinal use to structured drug discovery pipelines, addressing necessary stages such as bioassay-guided fractionation and toxicity standardisation. The review concludes that, by integrating indigenous botanical knowledge with modern pharmaceutical processing, Nigeria can bridge the gap between ethnomedicine and industrial API production, offering a scientifically-grounded strategy to mitigate national economic challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anacardium occidentale
  topic: keywords
subject: Citrus aurantiifolia
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio-economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Anacardium occidentale, Citrus aurantiifolia, Bio-economy, Value Chain.
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Products
  topic: disciplines
creator: Anyim Godwin
creator: Success Chimbuchi Ogbonna
creator: Adetoun Elizabeth Morakinyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anyim Godwin, Success Chimbuchi Ogbonna, Adetoun Elizabeth Morakinyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 261
ending page: 261
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.261

Comparative analysis of concrete strength utilizing quarry crushed and locally sourced coarse aggregates in Jos metropolis
type: item
description: This work compares the compressive strength and other physical properties of concrete made with coarse aggregates obtained from machine-crushed and hand-crushed coarse aggregates improvised from Jos Metropolis middlebelt Plateau State Nigeria. The phenomenon of using nonconforming hand-crushed aggregates in local construction which provides variable concrete quality through batching inevitably invalidating structural integrity galvanized the research. Aggregates from three machine crushed sources PW Quarry (Jos South), RicRock Quarry (Jos East) and Moulds Quarry (Jos East) and hand-crushed source: Tudunwada (TW), Building Materials Market (BM) and Domkat Bali (DB). Test were conducted on the rock samples to determine their geological, physical and mechanical properties in accordance with BS 410, BS 812 and BS EN 12520 respectively. The results of sieve analysis shows that machine-crushed aggregates has a 95-95% the 20 mm sieve and 54-58% passing the 12.5 mm sieve which are within the BS EN 12620 grading limit, while the hand-crushed aggregates exhibited below the stipulated gradation. The mechanical properties of the machine-crushed aggregates revealed that LAA ranges from 21.6-23.4%, AIV of 17.5-18.9% and ACV of 19.2-20.4% across all the samples indicating a higher resistance to wear confirming better mechanical performance against the hand-crushed aggregates with LAA of 26.8-28.5%, AIV of 21.7-23.1% and ACV of 23.4-24.9% which are higher and may result to poor concrete bonding. The compressive strength showed that machine crushed aggregate achieved maximum mean strength at 28-days curing with PW having 28.6 MPa, Ricrock with 29.1 MPa and Moulds with 27.4 MPa while Hand-crushed aggregate recorded a lower strength at 28-days curing with TW, BM and DB exhibiting CS of 23.7 MPa, 24.0 MPa and 22.5 MPa respectively. These findings revealed that machine-crushed aggregates yield superior and more consistent concrete quality due to their uniform particle size distribution …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Concretes
  topic: keywords
subject: Compressive strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Aggregate crushing value
  topic: keywords
subject: Los Angeles abrasion
  topic: keywords
subject: Aggregate impact value
  topic: keywords
subject: Materials Science
  topic: subjects
subject: Materials science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Material Engineering
  topic: disciplines
subject: Civil Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Jighjigh Annune
creator: Ahmed Yakubu
creator: Jennifer Garnvwa
creator: Jospeh Monde
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jighjigh Eric Annune, Ahmed Yakubu Ahmed, Garnvwa Jennifer Dawi, Monde Joseph Monde (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 253
ending page: 253
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2026.3.253

Effect of viscous dissipation on steady-state pressure-driven flow in a horizontal porous channel
type: item
description: This work considers a pressure-driven flow through a horizontal channel. The flow is considered under the influence of viscous dissipation effect and porosity of the channel plates. The equations governing the flow are solved using the method of undetermined coefficients to obtain a closed-form solution for velocity and temperature of the fluid within the system. A simulation of the analytical solutions obtained was carried out on MATLAB and the outcome was presented in graphical form. From the investigation, it can be deduced that viscous dissipation acts to increase fluid temperature.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Viscous dissipation
  topic: keywords
subject: Horizontal channel
  topic: keywords
subject: Pressure gradient
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluid Dynamics
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Daramola Daramola
creator: Yusuf Bello
creator: Gabriel Samalia
creator: H. A. Lawal
creator: Martins Omale
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Deborah Abiola Daramola, Y. A. Bello, Gabriel Samalia, H. A. Lawal, Martins Omale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-03
publication date: 2025-04-03
starting page: 194
ending page: 194
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.194

Comparative studies for determining the optical band gap energy of CuSe thin films
type: item
description: In the present study, copper selenide (CuSe) metal chalcogenide thin films have been fabricated from Se/Cu bilayer deposited using two-step procedure involving thermal evaporation and dip coating followed by thermal annealing. The thermally evaporated Se layer was maintained at a constant thickness of 40 nm while the dip coated layer of copper was carried out for varying time of 40 and 80 min. The prepared CuSe thin film was characterized in terms of its structural and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction spectra revealed post thermal inter-diffusion of the two layers and the production of CuSe thin film exhibiting hexagonal crystal structure. The optical transmission measurements were recorded within the wavelength range of 300 to 1000 nm. Four different methods were employed in ascertaining the direct band gap energies of the prepared CuSe thin films and the results were compared with the famous Tauc’s relation. The values of the band gap energy ranges between 3.58 and 3.87 eV for the 40-CuSe sample as well as 3.65 and 3.99 eV for the 80-CuSe sample. The results from the study confirmed that the fabricated films possess wide band gap energy, making them a candidate for window layer in many solar cell applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Selenium
  topic: keywords
subject: Tauc’s relation
  topic: keywords
subject: Band gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural property
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal evaporation
  topic: keywords
subject: Solid state physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Materials Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Physics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Oluwatoyin Olasanmi
creator: Samson Akinsola
creator: Kamaldeen Yusuf
creator: Emmanuel Aregbesola
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 O. O. Olasanmi, S. I. Akinsola, K. A. Yusuf, A. E. Aregbesola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 191
ending page: 191
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.191

Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibition on mild steel by parts of anogeissus leiocarpusin acidic medium
type: item
description: This research investigates the corrosion inhibition by parts of Anogeisuss leiocarpus on mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 under temperature conditions of 30 -60 ℃ and exposure time of 3, 6 and 9 h using weight loss, and Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The inhibition efficiencies (IE %) of the parts follows the trend: root (91.73 %) and leaf (89.64 %). The result shows with increase in the concentration (0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g and 0.8 g) of the methanol extract, inhibition efficiency (IE %) increases. Temperature and exposure time increase reveals increase in corrosion rate, hence decrease in inhibition efficiency (IE %). The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) result for the root and leaf reveals the phytoconstituents like Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (30.42 %), DL-alpha-Hydroxylysine (18.27 %) , Glycerol 1-palmitate (17.63 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (29.45 %), Benzene, 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (21.78%), and Norcodeine (11.21 %) respectively may be responsible for the variation in the inhibition efficiencies between root and leaf.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anogeisuss leiocarpus
  topic: keywords
subject: Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP)
  topic: keywords
subject: Weight loss
  topic: keywords
subject: Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sunday John Ibejekwe
creator: Uche B Eke
creator: Sunday Elaigwu
creator: Jameel Renze Waziri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. J. I. Ibejekwe (Author); B. Eke Uche, Sunday Elaigwu, J. R. Waziri (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-04
publication date: 2025-05-04
starting page: 188
ending page: 188
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.188

Smart communities: enhancing local processes through artificial intelligence and quality of life
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of smart communities on residents' quality of life, with a focus on the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing local processes. Smart community is one of the innovative solutions in which local processes could be enhanced through the potential of AI because, it can optimize the resource allocation, improve citizen engagement, and foster sustainable development. This study investigates the transformational potential of AI in enhancing local processes and quality of life in smart communities using a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, case studies, and interviews. The data triangulation employed through these diverse data collection methods enhances the reliability of the findings by cross-validating results and providing a more comprehensive understanding of AI's impact. The study evaluates the integration of AI-driven solutions in sectors such as transportation, public safety, energy management, and healthcare within smart communities. The findings reveal significant improvements in crime reduction, transportation efficiency, and energy consumption, emphasizing the critical role of community engagement and effective data management. This research contributes to the development of AI-driven smart communities, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community leaders on how to harness AI for creating more sustainable and responsive cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart communities
  topic: keywords
subject: Local processes
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Dr Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon
creator: Ayotunde Alaba Fadele
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Ayotunde Alaba Fadele (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
starting page: 187
ending page: 187
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.187

Leveraging EBG integration for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement
type: item
description: This article proposed a design of an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) integrated Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The design employed the use of two quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonators coupled close to a radiating patch for bandwidth enhancement. The proposed design is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.7, loss tangent of 0.02, and thickness of 2.5 mm. Zelt, a nylon-based material, with a surface resistivity of 0.01 ohm/sq and thickness of 0.063 mm was used as the radiating patch. The designed antennas were studied and analyzed using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio. Different parameters such as Return Loss, Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency were studied and compared for the antenna with and without EBG. The antenna achieved a fractional bandwidth of 9.4%. To improve other parameters, EBG was used thereby improving the gain of the antenna from 4.03dBi to 4.58dBi, and radiation efficiency from 52% to 53.2%. Such improvement showed that this antenna offers better performance compared to existing solutions, which often face limitations in bandwidth of 4%. The proposed antenna can be utilised in various wearable devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band of 2.45 GHz for healthcare monitoring, military communications, and implantable medical tools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Patch antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: λ/4 resonators
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexible substrates
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Patch Antenna enhancement
  topic: subjects
subject: Telecommunication Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shehu Ibrahim Gajo
creator: Suleiman Aliyu Babale
creator: Sani Halliru Lawan
creator: Garba Anas Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo, Suleiman Aliyu Babale, Sani Halliru Lawan, Garba Anas Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-03
publication date: 2025-05-03
starting page: 184
ending page: 184
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.184

Multisource data fusion for enhanced gold mineral prospectivity mapping in Yagba West, Kogi State: a machine learning approach
type: item
description: Gold mineral prospectivity mapping is crucial for identifying potential gold-bearing zones and supporting exploration efforts through advanced data analytics. However, many existing models tend to overestimate high-prospectivity areas, introducing biases toward known deposits and limiting their effectiveness in discovering new mineralized zones. To enhance exploration accuracy, data-driven approaches that enhance model interpretability and minimize predictive bias are essential. In this study, we applied Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to generate gold mineralization maps for Yagba West, utilizing an integrated dataset comprising SRTM DEM, Landsat 8 imagery, geological maps, and aeromagnetic data. The SVM model identified a gold-prospective area of 249.58 km² with an accuracy of 100%, while the CART model delineated a 132.13 km² prospective zone with an accuracy of 93%. This study further revealed that gold occurrences in the study area are predominantly concentrated in quartzite, quartz schist, gabbro, and quartz gabbro formations, primarily along NNE–SSW and NW–SE structural orientations, emphasizing the influence of structural controls on mineralization. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning in enhancing gold prospectivity mapping and optimizing exploration strategies in structurally controlled gold-bearing terrains.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gold mineral
  topic: keywords
subject: Support vector machine
  topic: keywords
subject: Classification and regression trees
  topic: keywords
subject: Yagba west
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Geophysics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Momohjimoh Abdulsalami
creator: Joseph Omonile
creator: Fahad Abubakar
creator: Abdullateef Aliyu
creator: kabire Yahaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Momohjimoh Abdulsalami, Jacob Funsho Omonile, Abubakar Fahad, Abdullateef Aliyu, Muhammad Kabir Yahaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-13
publication date: 2025-04-13
starting page: 182
ending page: 182
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.182

Investigation of fault zone and its environmental impact in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria
type: item
description: A series of Seismic activities are being experienced in some part of Nigeria with the obvious threat to lives and properties. This study therefore investigated and identified localized fault zone believed to be pathway to seismic activities in Ilorin. For this purpose, high resolution aeromagnetic data of Ilorin, obtained from Nigerian Geological Survey Agency were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 data processing and analysis software package. The Reduced to Equator (RTE)-Residual Magnetic Anomaly (RMA) maps were obtained from step by step filtering of magnetic intensity maps, the geological features were examined using Analytic Signal Amplitude (ASA). Lineaments were extracted from Total Horizontal Derivatives (THD) map.The process was then subjected to depth continuation process to obtain localized fault zones The Upward continuation process employed, showed the region of consistent high magnetic amplitude or increasing amplitude on the upward depth continued map of the study area as region of deep depth to magnetic sources, indicating intrusion. The minor or localized faults were captured with decreasing magnetic amplitude at UC height of 5000 m at the depth of 2,500m in the area under study. The superposition of the lineaments obtained from THD map on the RTE-RMA and geological maps revealed ductile and brittle deformations and a set of dextral localized faults of varied orientations. These identified localized faults within the study area could serve as pathway to Seismic activities leading to earth tremor as a threat to human existence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Upward continuation
  topic: keywords
subject: Seismic
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Amplitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Epicenter
  topic: keywords
subject: Total horizontal derivatives
  topic: keywords
subject: Applied Geophysics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Dr. Ridwan Olaiya Agboola
creator: L. A.
creator: M. A
creator: N. K.
creator: K. O.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. O. Agboola, L. A. Sunmonu, M. A. Adabanija, N. K. Olasunkanmi, K. O. Suleman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-23
publication date: 2025-04-23
starting page: 181
ending page: 181
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.181

Android malware detection using random forest algorithm
type: item
description: The proliferation of mobile devices and their dependence on the android OS has made them prime targets for cybercriminals, leading to an escalating threat of malware. This study addresses the growing need for effective malware detection methods by exploring the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the security of Android devices. Specifically, the research investigates the performance of various ML algorithms, with a focus on Random Forest, in detecting malware on the android platform. Through the comprehensive analysis and experimentation, the study demonstrate significant improvements in detection accuracy, achieving a near-perfect 0.99 across key performance metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision and F1-score. These results highlights the potential of ML to revolutionize Android OS malware detection, offering robust, real-time protection against evolving threats while minimizing the impact on device performance. The findings contribute valuable insights for cyber security practitioners, mobile app developers, and researchers, paving the way for more secure mobile environment and advanced malware detection systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Android
  topic: keywords
subject: Random forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Malware
  topic: keywords
subject: Mobile device
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Samson Isaac
creator: Abdullahi Tanimu
creator: Mohammed Shamsuddeen Tukur
creator: Jacob Isaac
creator: Amina Bala Ja'afaru
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samson Isaac, Abdullahi Tanimu, Mohammed Shamsuddeen Tukur , Jacob Isaac , Amina Bala Ja'afaru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-03
publication date: 2025-05-03
starting page: 178
ending page: 178
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.178

Assessment of physicochemical properties of Lafarge cement towards achieving a sustainable society
type: item
description: Conducive shelter is one of the basic needs of life, and in this modern society, large numbers of livable structures are made of cement. The number of cases of collapsed structures/buildings in Nigeria has been on the increase in recent times, reported in cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Abuja, Port Harcourt, etc. There is an urgent need to find lasting solutions to tackle structural/building challenges arising from the use of cement. The manufacturing of cement is a continuous process, necessitating ongoing monitoring of the quality of Ordinary Portland Cement, as recommended by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON). The study assessed the physicochemical and mechanical properties of four brands of Lafarge cement named Elephant Classic Supaset, Powermax, and Standard grade using standard procedures. The cement analysis reveals that the SiO2 content increases with the grade of cement, with the highest value of 20.46% in 52.5-grade cement. Similarly, higher grades of cement demonstrate greater values in Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO, indicating enhanced material composition for higher strength applications. Most of the parameters analyzed (%SiO2, %SO3, 28-Day strength, and % oxides of metal) align with the standards of SON and ASTM. It can be concluded that building failure due to the use of these cements could be linked to the use of nonprofessional builders, other fake materials, and corruption by contractors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physicochemical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Cement grades
  topic: keywords
subject: Portland cement
  topic: keywords
subject: Lafarge cement
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abiodun Oluwatosin Adeoye
creator: Rukayat Oluwatobiloba Quadri
creator: Olayide Samuel Lawal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abiodun Oluwatosin Adeoye, Rukayat Oluwatobiloba Quadri, Olayide Samuel Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-25
publication date: 2025-03-25
starting page: 180
ending page: 180
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.180

Modelling the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of tuberculosis in an age-structured population
type: item
description: Despite several efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) is still a global leading cause of death. This paper proposed an age-structured deterministic model governing the transmission dynamics and control of TB in the presence of vaccination integrated into the eligible population. Qualitative analysis of the model was carried out to obtain the disease-free equilibrium point of it. The effective reproduction number, Re , of the model was calculated using the next generation matrix method, which offered a numerical indicator of the potential for TB transmission in the age-structured population. Numerical analysis further offers some insightful information about how the key sensitive parameters and the vaccination rate influence the transmission dynamics and control of TB in an age-structured population settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Age-structured population
  topic: keywords
subject: Effective reproduction number
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccination
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Omowumi Fatimah Lawal
creator: Afeez Abidemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Omowumi Fatimah Lawal, Afeez Abidemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-25
publication date: 2025-03-25
starting page: 179
ending page: 179
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.179

Effect of deformation on alpha decay of super-heavy nuclei within a Woods-Saxon model
type: item
description: In this research, alpha decay study of super-heavy nuclei has been carried out by employing the Woods-Saxon model potential. The spherical and deformed Woods-Saxon model have been employed to investigate the effect of deformation on the super-heavy nuclei via alpha decay. When compared with experimental data, the two models are found to perform very well in describing the experimental half-life data. Moreover, results obtained by considering deformation is found to give better agreement with the experimental data than the results using spherical configuration. This is mainly because the super-heavy nuclei have non-zero deformation parameters. The study concludes that deformation should be considered when studying super-heavy nuclei, and that the deformed Woods-Saxon model is more complete in describing the interaction between the alpha decay and the daughter nuclei as it has a low standard deviation value of 0.5012 compared to 0.6260 when only sphericity is considered.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alpha decay
  topic: keywords
subject: Woods-Saxon model
  topic: keywords
subject: Deformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Super-heavy nuclei
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Surajudeen Shittu
creator: Hammed Mustapha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Shittu, H. A. Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-23
publication date: 2025-03-23
starting page: 177
ending page: 177
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.177

Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes with schiff base derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide
type: item
description: A novel Schiff base ligand was synthesized from the condensation of substituted thiosemicarbazide and 1H- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. The corresponding Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were obtained by refluxing the chloride of the metals with the prepared Schiff base in an ethanolic solution. The Schiff base and its complexes were characterized and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurement, melting point/decomposition temperature, and solubility test. The Infrared spectral data of the Schiff base showed an absorption band at 1585 cm-1, attributed to ν(C=N) stretching. However, this band was shifted to a higher frequency of 1590cm-1 and 1596cm-1 indicating the formation of a Ni-N and Cu-N band in the complexes respectively. The UV-Visible studies revealed significant red shifts in the characteristics C=N and C=S bands upon complexation confirming strong ligand-metal coordination. The complexes exhibited enhanced thermal stability (with decomposition temperatures of 217°C for Ni(II), 205°C for Cu(II) ). Magnetic measurements indicated a high-spin octahedral geometry for the Ni(II) complex (µ-eff =2.9B.M) and a distorted octahedral (Jahn-Teller) geometry for the Cu(II) complex (µ-eff =1.90B.M). The molar conductance value of the Ni(II) complex was observed at 38.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 while that of the Cu(II) complex was observed at 24.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 suggesting non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The Schiff base and the complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacterial strains), Candida albicans, Tinea capitis and Tinea pedis (fungal strains with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole serving as control drugs for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results demonstrated that metal complexation significantly enhances bioactivity relative to the free ligand, although their activity was lower than that of the standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Schiff base
  topic: keywords
subject: Thiosemicarbazide
  topic: keywords
subject: Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: bashariyya abdullahi
creator: H. N. Aliyu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 B. L. Abdullahi, H. N. Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-14
publication date: 2025-04-14
starting page: 176
ending page: 176
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.176

A grid-based sectoring for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
type: item
description: Extending the network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) while meeting user needs is crucial, given the limited energy capacity and rapid depletion of nodes. Clustering is an effective strategy for prolonging network lifetime by reducing energy overhead in data transmission. The Sector-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (S-LEACH) method mitigates energy depletion by grouping nodes into sectors and selecting Cluster Heads (CHs) based on either the highest residual energy or a random number. However, its CH selection process remains suboptimal, leading to energy imbalance and inefficiencies due to fixed sector boundaries. This research improves CH selection by organizing sensor nodes into square grid clusters and employing a routing algorithm for randomized CH selection. Game theory (GT) and Ad hoc on Demand Vectors (AODV) were used to choose the optimal routing path, while Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) was used to determine the optimal CHs. MATLAB 2023a was utilized for network design and algorithm implementation. After 1,000 transmission rounds, the proposed method extended the network lifetime to 582 seconds, compared to 565 seconds in S-LEACH, representing a 3% improvement. Results indicate that the proposed approach enhances network longevity and balances energy consumption across clusters, ultimately improving overall performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wireless sensor networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Cluster head
  topic: keywords
subject: Game theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy-efficient routing
  topic: keywords
subject: Game Theory
  topic: subjects
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nubunga Ishaya
creator: Mustapha Aminu Bagiwa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Mustapha Aminu Bagiwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-25
publication date: 2025-04-25
starting page: 172
ending page: 172
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.172

Optimizing energy efficiency in IoT networks for sustainable smart cities: a focus on energy-efficient communication protocols
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving the development of smart cities by improving connectivity and automation. However, the increasing number of IoT devices raises concerns about energy consumption, device longevity, and network sustainability. High energy demands lead to higher costs and limit large-scale deployments. To address these issues, energy-efficient protocols are essential for optimizing power consumption while maintaining network reliability. Key strategies include adaptive power control, duty cycling, and hybrid energy harvesting. The Hybrid Energy Harvesting-Based Energy Neutral Operation Medium Access Control (HENO-MAC) protocol integrates solar and wind energy to support energy-neutral operations. Additionally, advanced Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols, such as the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), help minimize energy wastage. Emerging communication standards like Thread 1.4 further enhance energy efficiency and security. This study evaluates state-of-the-art energy-efficient IoT protocols in smart urban environments, analyzing technologies such as (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) MQTT, RPL, and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It also explores AI-driven energy management, edge computing, and energy-harvesting IoT systems. Through case studies from smart city initiatives in Barcelona and Singapore, the research highlights best practices for improving sustainability in IoT-driven cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy-efficient IoT protocols
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart city sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid energy harvesting
  topic: keywords
subject: Wireless Communication
  topic: subjects
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nubunga Ishaya
creator: Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon
creator: Hadiza Abdullahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Hadiza Abdullahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-27
publication date: 2025-04-27
starting page: 173
ending page: 173
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.173

High performance multilayer satellite electronic shielding system (MULSES)
type: item
description: Passive radiation shielding has gained prominence in space technology due to satellite malfunction and destruction by high-energy beta particles in low Earth orbit (LEO). This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel composite material composed of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and high-density polyethylene (HDPe) reinforced with Doum fiber. MULSES mechanical properties exhibited tensile strength of 25 MPa, hardness of 85.7 Hv, and impact energy absorption of 23.721 J, demonstrating a perfect combination of strength, flexibility, and toughness. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the composite has thermal stability until approximately 600◦ C, degradation was initiated at 320◦ C and optimal degradation was at 480◦ C. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed peaks of exothermic degradation at 400◦ C and 520◦ C corresponding to decomposition of polymer and fibers, respectively, and show the suitability of the composite to handle high temperature. Radiation shielding efficiency was tested at various beta (6, 9, 10, 12, and 15 MeV) and gamma (662 keV and 1.25 MeV) energies. Stacking arrangement played a crucial role in shielding efficiency, with the BHA (Boron, HDPe, Aluminum) arrangement delivering the maximum beta radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of 99.16% at 6 MeV and 95.42% at 15 MeV. When compared to other stack arrangements, the BHA arrangement showed 12% improvement in beta attenuation efficiency and 8% improvement in gamma attenuation efficiency. The smaller mean free path (MFP) and half-value layer (HVL) for beta and gamma radiation also confirm the improved shielding property of the BHA arrangement. HDPe-Doum fiber-h-BN-Al2 O3 exhibits the optimum mechanical strength, heat stability, and radiation shielding properties all together that render MULSES a cost-effective, light, and renewable space shielding material.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Satellites
  topic: keywords
subject: Space radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Linac
  topic: keywords
subject: HDPe
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomass
  topic: keywords
subject: Nuclear Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Materials Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Space Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lubem James Utume
creator: Sadiq Aliyu Abubakar
creator: Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza
creator: Muhammad Sani
creator: U. S Aliyu Aliyu
creator: Mugusuur Scholastica Iorshase
creator: Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu
creator: Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami
creator: Isaac PADA
creator: Emmanuel Ogwuche
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lubem James Utume, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-23
publication date: 2025-03-23
starting page: 168
ending page: 168
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.168

Investigating hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization in Birnin-Gwari through tranformation of aero-radiometric data
type: item
description: Gold mining is a significant driver of wealth, serving as a reliable store of value against currency decline and a favoured hedge against inflation. Regions with hydrothermal alteration are key indicators of gold mineralization, and certain mapping techniques have proven effective for identifying these zones. However, these techniques have not yet been applied within the Birnin Gwari Schist Belt. This study used these established techniques to examine the spectrometric data over a known gold mine within the belt. The findings reveal that the gold mine area shows moderate potassium levels with low thorium and uranium readings, indicating hydrothermal alteration. Additionally, a region northwest of the mine may have undergone a similar alteration, suggesting a potential gold mine (PGM). The ternary map indicates the location of both the gold mine and PGM have high potassium concentrations. Both sites also record high Kd values, consistent with potassic alteration. The computed parameter value for the gold mine and PGM suggests their rock formations have undergone moderate alteration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hydrothermal alteration
  topic: keywords
subject: Gold mining
  topic: keywords
subject: Potassium deviation
  topic: keywords
subject: F parameter
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineral exploration
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Geophysics
  topic: disciplines
creator: YUSUF BELLO
creator: S. C. Evans
creator: Hammed Lawal
creator: J. O. Alao
creator: D. Daramola
creator: T. O. Amuda
creator: M. B Yakubu
creator: S. M. Hussaini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Y. A. Bello, S. C. Evans, H. A. Lawal, J. O. Alao, D. Daramola, T. O. Amuda, M. B Yakubu, S. M. Hussaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-14
publication date: 2025-03-14
starting page: 171
ending page: 171
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.171

Chemostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analysis of sand-shale formations using core geochemical spectroscopy tools
type: item
description: Modern investigations into spectral gamma-ray (SGR) records enhance understanding of sedimentary environments and paleoenvironmental conditions. This study examines a 111 m sand and shale interval in the Tak-1 well, Niger Delta Basin, to characterize clay mineral types and interpret depositional settings. The evaluation of lithology, mineral composition, and geochemical properties through core slabs investigation and spectroscopic analysis revealed information about depositional settings. Spectroscopic analysis of spectral gamma-ray data identified key elements—potassium (K), uranium (U), and thorium (Th)—to differentiate clay minerals, correlate chemostratigraphy, and reconstruct paleoenvironments. Results show that the lithology consists predominantly of sandstone, with occasional interbedding of shaly sand and sandy shale. Uranium and thorium are abundant in mudrocks, while feldspars, micas, and glauconite dominate sandstones. Th/K ratio cross-plots identified smectite/mixed-layer clays, with low Th/K values indicating potassium-rich minerals such as illite, mica, or feldspar. Sandstones contained potassium-bearing minerals like glauconite and evaporites. High uranium values (10–15 ppm) and low Th/U ratios signified organic-rich source rocks formed under anoxic, reducing conditions. Extremely low potassium values (<2%) indicated terrestrial sandstone deposits rich in feldspar. These geochemical and mineralogical characteristics suggest a transitional depositional environment influenced by both terrestrial and marginal marine settings. Fluctuating sea levels shaped sedimentation, with the study interval primarily reflecting a marine paralic anoxic setting with intermittent deltaic influence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clay minerals
  topic: keywords
subject: Anoxic reducing environments
  topic: keywords
subject: Spectral gamma-ray (SGR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Depositional settings
  topic: keywords
subject: Niger-Delta basin
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Oluwakemi Efemena
creator: Franklin Lucas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwakemi Efemena, Franklin Lucas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-13
publication date: 2025-03-13
starting page: 167
ending page: 167
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.167

Di-layers satellite electronic shielding system (DiLSES): fabrication and characterization
type: item
description: Satellites in space are vulnerable to high-energy electrons above that can damage their electronic systems. To curtail this challenge, a new multi-layer system is synthesized from biomass and geological ores and characterized for mechanical, thermal as well as gamma and beta radiation shielding efficiencies. The new system, a Di-layer Satellite Electronic Shielding System (DiLSES), featuring an innovative, light weight, two-layer material composite made from low atomic number material labeled which are arranged in two configurations LH and HL. This advanced material shows exceptional mechanical characteristics with impact strength of hardness of and tensile strength of, making it resistant to launch vibrations and collision with low velocity space debris. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revels that DiLSES can withstand high temperature environment of up to 300 and only gradually decomposes by less than 5% between and For gamma radiation shielding efficiency, the DiLSES effectively attenuated pointed gamma radiation from Co-60 with maximum energy of 1.332 MeV by and for and the LH configuration offers better attenuation. The DiLSES attenuates high-energy beta particles generated by medical LINAC by over 93%, achieving a remarkable reduction at energy .This innovative light-weights and cost-effective material has the potential to improve the shielding of electronic components in satellites against high-energy beta particles (greater than 1 Mev) which cause satellite damage and operational failures. It also offers protection from space radiation like gamma and cosmic rays, making it useful for both space and medical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Satellites
  topic: keywords
subject: Space radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Linear attenuation
  topic: keywords
subject: Beta radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Materials Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Space Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu
creator: Abubakar Sadq Aliyu
creator: Abdulkarim Hamza
creator: Muhammad Sani
creator: Umar Sa'ad Aliyu
creator: Mugusuur Scholastica Iorshase
creator: Lubem James Utume
creator: Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami
creator: Isaac Pada
creator: Emmanuel Ogwuche
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Lubem James Utume, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-23
publication date: 2025-03-23
starting page: 164
ending page: 164
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.164

Mitigating MAC flooding attacks using port security techniques
type: item
description: In today's interconnected digital landscape, network security is paramount, particularly for Local Area Networks (LANs) that are increasingly vulnerable to MAC flooding attacks. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities in network switches, compromising network integrity and privacy. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of port security mechanisms in mitigating MAC flooding threats through a practical simulation using Packet Tracer. The simulation setup includes a switch, two authorized computers, and one unauthorized computer, with a strict limit of one MAC address allowed per port. Shutdown violation is set whenever the switch port learn more than 1 MAC address to avoid MAC flooding. The findings reveal that the implementation of MAC address limiting effectively prevents the learning of additional MAC addresses, thereby safeguarding the network from potential flooding attacks. When the maximum MAC address limit is reached, the port is shutdown as set in the violation mode. This research underscores the critical importance of proactive security measures in maintaining network integrity and provides valuable insights for network administrators seeking to enhance their security protocols.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: MAC Flooding Attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: Port Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Local Area Network
  topic: keywords
subject: MAC address limiting
  topic: keywords
subject: Packet tracer
  topic: keywords
subject: MAC Flooding Attacks
  topic: subjects
subject: Port Security
  topic: subjects
subject: Local Area Network
  topic: subjects
subject: Cyber Security
  topic: disciplines
subject: Computer Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shehu Ibrahim Gajo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-13
publication date: 2025-03-13
starting page: 162
ending page: 162
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.162

Innovative mathematical application of game theory in solving healthcare allocation problem
type: item
description: Game theory being a mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions among decision makers is increasingly applied to complex problems in healthcare resource allocation. This innovative research strategically applied the game theory model to solve the problem of healthcare allocation. It determined the strategies of Player I (Company A) and Player II (Competitor- Company B), established those strategies using QM (Quality Management) software for Windows, determined the amount of gain or loss experienced by Player I and Player II during the allocations, created various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph against Column’s strategy and the Column’s graph against Row’s strategies for a pure strategy, and produced various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph for mixed strategy with given expected loss (%). For it to profit by #1,000,000 (for example) in the case that Company B expands to X location, company A must assign the patients’ bed production plant to location (strategy) D. If Company B introduces the 50% discount or makes #7,000,000, then company A does not have to assign any amount of vaccines manufactured in their firm. The objective is to stop outbreaks in high-risk locations and reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Consequently, a mixed strategy is used, with the aim of maximizing the overall quality of care given to patients while making sure that each facility has the resources necessary for efficient operation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Game Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical application and resources allocation
  topic: keywords
subject: Game Theory
  topic: subjects
subject: Healthcare
  topic: subjects
subject: Resources Allocation
  topic: subjects
subject: Operations Research
  topic: disciplines
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Stephen I. Okeke
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Stephen I. Okeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-12
publication date: 2025-04-12
starting page: 161
ending page: 161
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.161

Investigation of the geomagnetic storms’ impact on low-latitude ionosphere: case studies of October 2003 and March 2015 events
type: item
description: Geomagnetic storms can significantly impact the Earth's upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere used for communication and navigation, particularly at low latitudes. This study examines the effects of two major geomagnetic storms on the low-latitude ionosphere that occurred during October 2003 and March 2015. In the analysis of the two events, data from NASA Space Physics data resources, Omni web, were analysed. Our analysis of the electron density, temperature, and ion composition data reveals significant disturbances in the ionosphere during both storms. The October 2003 storm caused a decrease in electron density and an increase in temperature, while the March 2015 storm had a more moderate impact. Our results highlight the importance of understanding geomagnetic storms' effects on the low-latitude ionosphere, particularly for mitigating their impacts on radio communication, navigation, and satellite operations. This study contributes to our understanding of geomagnetic storms' effects on the ionosphere and provides valuable insights for future research and applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geomagnetic storms
  topic: keywords
subject: Low latitude ionosphere
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionospheric composition
  topic: keywords
subject: Space Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Ionospheric Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Space Plasma Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Physics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Applied Physics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hammed Adeniyi Lawal
creator: Isreal Leke Elijah
creator: Edwin Beshel Ayabie
creator: Yusuf Bello
creator: Joseph Alao
creator: Innocent Davidson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hammed Adeniyi Lawal, Isreal Leke Elijah, Edwin Beshel Ayabie, Yusuf Ayoola Bello, Joseph O. Alao, Innocent E. Davidson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-13
publication date: 2025-03-13
starting page: 155
ending page: 155
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.155

Stacking ensemble machine learning for predicting land surface temperature hotspots using landsat 9 data
type: item
description: Despite advancements in predictive modeling, existing methods struggle with accuracy and spatial variability in Land Surface Temperature (LST) estimation. This study presents a Stacking Ensemble Model (SEM) integrating Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to enhance LST prediction using Landsat 9 and SRTM DEM data in Kogi State, Nigeria. The SEM outperformed individual models, achieving an R² of 99.86%, surpassing RF by 3.31%, XGBoost by 8.03%, and KNN by 12.79%. Results revealed significant spatial variability, with temperatures ranging from 24.8°C to 49.3°C and critical hotspots above 40°C covering 1,035 km², supporting geothermal energy exploration. Incorporating elevation spectral indices and key predictors like NDVI, proportion of vegetation, land surface emissivity, and brightness temperature further improved accuracy. This SEM framework enhances predictive robustness, scalability, and spatial analysis for better LST modeling.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: LST
  topic: keywords
subject: Geothermal energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Landsat 9
  topic: keywords
subject: Geophysics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Momohjimoh Abdulsalami
creator: Dahiru Dahuwa
creator: Saratu Muhammad Hussaini
creator: Yahaya Jibrin Danjuma
creator: Michael Adewale Ibitomi
creator: Danga Onimisi Abdulmalik
creator: Bunmi Oyekola Isaac
creator: Zainab Usman
creator: Joseph Omeiza Alao
creator: Aliyu Abdullateef
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Momohjimoh Abdulsalami, Dahiru Dahuwa, Saratu Muhammad Hussaini, Yahaya Jibrin Danjuma, Michael Adewale Ibitomi, Danga Onimisi Abdulmalik, Bunmi Oyekola Isaac, Zainab Usman, Joseph Omeiza Alao, Aliyu Abdullateef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15
starting page: 158
ending page: 158
doi: 10.61298/pnspsc.2025.2.158