Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
Welcome to the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences! As the premier platform for showcasing cutting-edge research and innovative discoveries in the field of physical sciences, we are delighted to welcome you to our digital space. Our proceedings serve as a vital repository of knowledge, capturing the insights and contributions of esteemed researchers, scholars, and practitioners from across Nigeria and beyond. Within these pages, you will find a diverse array of scholarly works presented at our esteemed conferences, spanning a wide spectrum of disciplines within the physical sciences. From physics and chemistry to astronomy and geology, our proceedings encompass the latest advancements and breakthroughs that are shaping the future of scientific inquiry. Our commitment to excellence extends to the rigorous peer-review process undertaken by our esteemed panel of experts, ensuring that only the highest quality research receives a place within our proceedings. As a result, readers can trust in the reliability and integrity of the content presented here. Whether you are a seasoned researcher seeking to stay abreast of the latest developments or a curious enthusiast eager to explore the frontiers of scientific discovery, the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences offers a wealth of knowledge and insight to enrich your understanding. We invite you to delve into our archives, explore our latest publications, and join us on a journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us push the boundaries of knowledge and inspire future generations of scientists to pursue their passions and make meaningful contributions to the world of physical sciences. Welcome to our community, where curiosity knows no bounds, and the pursuit of knowledge is celebrated.
Pursuit differential game with high-order dynamic
This study examines a pursuit–evasion differential game with finitely many pursuers and a single evader moving inside a nonempty compact convex region of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ The dynamics of all participants are governed by ordinary differential equations of degrees $n$ and $m$, while their control inputs satisfy coordinate-wise integral constraints. Capture is said to occur when at least one pursuer reaches the same position as the evader. Sufficient conditions ensuring that the pursuers can guarantee capture are derived, and constructive strategies are proposed to realize this outcome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Abdullahi, Bashir Mai Umar, Bilyaminu Muhammad, Sani Musa Tsoho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical assessment of economic crisis on consumers purchasing power in Nigeria
The uncertainties influencing consumers’ purchasing power in Nigeria and other developing economies have become recurring issues which pose serious threat to the survival of its citizens and business collaborations. Waves of instabilities in vital economic indicators significantly affect consumer purchasing power and spending decisions in the market. This study focuses on modeling the resulting impact of Nigerian economic crisis on the purchasing power of consumers using second derivative block Adams Moulton methods (SDBAMM). Following the instability display of the absolute wave errors (AWEs) of the modeled equation, the discrete schemes of partition p=4 of SDBAMM gave better and faster computational solutions than other lower partitions p=2 and 2 when compared with other applied numerical methods in literature. This study recommends that adopting stronger monetary policy tools by the Nigerian government to manage tariff uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate waves will improve consumers’ purchasing power and reduce economic fluctuations in the Nigerian markets.
Second Derivative Block Adams Moulton Methods (SDBAMM)
Numerical Analysis and Financial Mathematics
Copyright (c) 2026 Chigozie Chibuisi, Prisca Udodiri Duruojinkeya, Christie Yemisi Ishola, Bright Okore Osu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel class of Obrechkoff-type methods for solving boundary value problems
A new family of high-order Obrechkoff-type block methods for the direct solution of second-order boundary value problems is proposed in this study. To discretize the differential equations, the methods are built using piecewise linear and constant approaches, as well as interpolation and collocation techniques based on Hermite splines of both first and higher orders. They are further developed using truncated power series expansions, achieving eighth order accuracy with favourable stability properties. The method captures key characteristics of the problem and is computationally efficient. A thorough theoretical analysis confirms that it is consistent, convergent, and zero-stable. A single illustrative example is considered and comparison with the well-known Runge–Kutta method demonstrates its superiority in accuracy and error reduction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Emmanuel Fadugba, Taiwo Eniola Fayode, Malesela Clifford Kekana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multisectoral data lakehouse for climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable food securityin Nigeria
Nigeria, the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa, faces multifaceted, overlapping problems of economic instability, security concerns, and an acute energy deficit, further aggravated by the ever-increasing impacts of climate change on its agricultural systems, a primary source of livelihood for millions. These hydra-headed challenges require a scientific, data-driven, informed response. The paper examines how principles from the physical sciences, particularly in data management, modelling, analytics, and systems integration, can be applied to promote efficient energy resource distribution for climate-resilient agriculture (CRA), thereby boosting the economy and ensuring long-term food security. A mixed-methods approach, combining literature reviews, AI tools, case studies of climate adaptation projects, ontology-driven data harmonisation, and stakeholder consultations, was used in the research. Findings revealed that an integrated National Climate–Water-Agriculture Data Lakehouse can significantly enhance climate-resilient agriculture and energy resource sharing, thereby improving the economy and food security. The hybrid Semantic Machine learning Framework provide accurate food security analytics and predictions. The initiative becomes a scientific laboratory and a decision-support ecosystem, transforming siloed databases into actionable insights that policymakers, researchers, and practitioners can use to enhance the economy. The paper concludes that a multisectoral ontology-driven National Climate-Water-Agriculture Data Lakehouse transforms physical science data into practical tools for climate-resilient agriculture by connecting laboratories to farmlands and datasets to decision-making, thereby enabling evidence-based agricultural governance and smart-agriculture to increase food production and boost the economies of the major and small-holding farmers in the face of emerging climatic chaos compounded by security concerns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Omeiza Yusuf, Taiwo Kolajo, Emeka Ogbuju, Francisca Oladipo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Healthcare delivery in Bayelsa State through health systems modeling
In Nigeria, improving healthcare delivery of course is still exceedingly difficult, in areas with resource-constrained settings like Bayelsa State especially. Indeed, in order to ascertain the factors affecting satisfaction of outpatients as a stand-in for healthcare delivery effectiveness, this research employed a health systems modeling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 200 outpatients at Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa. Multiple regression analysis was then used to evaluate the impact of waiting times, travel times, education levels, and healthcare system capacity and access on patient satisfaction. The statistical techniques: Tukey, Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Pagan, Shapiro-Wilk and Variance Inflation Factors were respectively employed to assess linearity, independence of errors, homoscedasticity, normality and multicollinearity. The robustness of the model was achieved by the diagnostic results, which reveal that the main assumptions were mostly achieved, justifying the reliability of the model. The results from the regression model explain about 42.3% of the variation in outpatient satisfaction and are significant statistically. The biggest positive predictor variable of satisfaction was capacity and access, emphasizing the significance of sufficient staffing, infrastructure, drug availability, and pricing. Service delays were determined as a major constraint in the delivery of healthcare, and waiting times were found to have a considerable negative impact on satisfaction. Travel time revealed a weaker negative influence, whereas level of education significantly did not affect satisfaction once factors of system-level were considered. To maximize healthcare delivery and raise patient satisfaction in Bayelsa State, waiting times must be decreased and the healthcare system's capacity must be strengthened.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jude Opara, Uche Celestine Agwi, Chidimma Udo Osuagwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing cloud data security using quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum cryptography
Cloud computing systems face serious security risks that are intensified by advances in quantum computing because powerful quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can break widely used public-key schemes which include RSA and ECC. The cloud environment needs Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) as countermeasures but their individual deployment creates problems because scalability and infrastructure requirements become obstacles for multi-tenant systems. This research proposes a hybrid security architecture that uses both hardware-based QKD for symmetric key generation over optical fibers and PQC for authentication through quantum-resistant key encapsulation using CRYSTALS-Kyber and digital signatures with CRYSTALS-Dilithium. The hybrid design uses XOR to combine the QKD-generated secret with the PQC-derived key material which creates the final session key yet security remains intact if either component gets compromised. The system tested on a private cloud testbed with 10 virtual machines and a 50 km commercial QKD link through optical fiber measured performance against Classical TLS 1.3 and PQC-TLS and QKD-only configurations. The results showed that QKD-only achieved the lowest handshake latency of 5.2 ms while the hybrid approach delivered the strongest security through a 19.8 ms overhead which was only 1.7 ms slower than pure PQC. After creating the secure channel all systems achieved similar data throughput of about 942 Mbps which shows that quantum-security mechanisms affect the connection setup phase instead of persistent data transfer.
Copyright (c) 2026 O. Sarjiyus, Umaru Faruku Adamu, Salamatu Umar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A systematic literature review of multivariate normal variance-mean mixture representations in pharmacokinetic studies
The NVMM framework is an integrated approach that extends the normal distribution by including heavy-tail properties. In spite rapid methodological advances in this distribution family, large amount of literature only focuses on mixing densities that provide average tail activities which are insufficient in capturing extreme variability that constantly occur in drug pharmacokinetic processes. This study provides an in depth systematic review of literature which focuses on multivariate and few univariate distributions developed using the NVMM approach with particular interest in the baseline distributions such as the normal, Kotz-type, and related distributions. And also, evaluating the different distributions used as mixing variables. This review followed a well-structured PRISMA procedure; the searches for literature related to the study were done with different databases namely PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. From 2,588 retrieved records (between Jan. 1st, 2000 to Dec. 31st, 2025), rigorous screening, eligibility criteria, and quality assessment yielded 17 high-quality studies for synthesis. Data extraction focused on distributional structures, mixing variables, estimation methods, and applications. After using the set criteria for selection, 17 literatures were identified and added to the study database for a qualitative synthesis. Our review showed different forms and alternative distributions that could arise from the normal, skew-normal, Kotz, Laplace, skew-Laplace etc using the NVMM framework. The review showed that distribution tail largely depends on the nature of the mixing variable. Finally, the review showed inadequate extreme variability capturing; suggesting the adaptation of a type II extreme-value distribution.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. L. Ani, M. Tasi’u, A. Usman, Y. Zakari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harnessing the ethnomedicinal potentials of Citrus aurantiifolia and Anacardium occidentale for local drug development: A strategy to mitigate Nigeria’s economic challenges
Nigeria possesses a vast botanical landscape of 7,895 plant species, in which 963 species are medicinal plants while 6,932 serve other purposes. The global medicinal plant sector is shifting from raw exports toward standardised, plant-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), a market projected to reach $271.14 billion by 2026. Nigeria is currently the fifth largest producer of cashew but earns only a few million dollars compared to other countries from a similar production volume. This comprehensive review synthesises current pharmacological and economic data regarding C. aurantiifolia (Lime) and A. occidentale (Cashew) as drivers for Nigeria’s bio-economy. Literature published between 2009 and 2026 was retrieved from five major academic databases, focusing on phytochemical efficacy, safety profiles, and industrial value chains. C. aurantiifolia contains bioactive flavonoids (hesperidin, eriocitrin) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while A. occidentale demonstrates significant metabolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Also, cashew byproducts like cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has immense industrial application. The review evaluates the transition from traditional ethnomedicinal use to structured drug discovery pipelines, addressing necessary stages such as bioassay-guided fractionation and toxicity standardisation. The review concludes that, by integrating indigenous botanical knowledge with modern pharmaceutical processing, Nigeria can bridge the gap between ethnomedicine and industrial API production, offering a scientifically-grounded strategy to mitigate national economic challenges.
Anacardium occidentale, Citrus aurantiifolia, Bio-economy, Value Chain.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anyim Godwin, Success Chimbuchi Ogbonna, Adetoun Elizabeth Morakinyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A review of silurian shale gas potential in North Africa’s paleozoic basins: geological framework, resource assessment, sustainability outlook
North Africa hosts some great, prolific Paleozoic basins with significant shale gas potential, particularly within the Silurian “Hot Shale” formations. In this review, we assess the unconventional resource prospectivity of key North African basins by evaluating their organic richness, thermal maturity, and mineralogical composition, framing their development potential within a global context. By synthesizing published literature, industry reports, and geochemical datasets, this study identifies the key parameters controlling shale gas potential. The Rhuddanian, Ludlow Pridoli, and Frasnian Hot Shale intervals record total organic carbon (TOC) contents typically ranging from 2-14 wt%, with localized peaks exceeding 20 wt%. Kerogen is dominated by Type II/III mixtures, while vitrinite reflectance values indicate maturity levels spanning early oil to dry gas windows. Mineralogical analyses reveal substantial quartz and carbonate fractions, enhancing brittleness and hydraulic fracturing potential. Marked variability is observed across the basins, reflecting differences in depositional settings, structural evolution, and post-depositional thermal histories. The Ghadames and Berkine basins host the richest and most mature intervals, whereas the Jaffara and Chotts basins have less uniform successions. Beyond resource quality, environmental risks, including groundwater contamination, methane emissions, and induced seismicity, remain a key challenge. These challenges require basin-specific evaluation approaches that integrate standardized geochemical datasets, basin-scale petrophysical modeling, and real-time environmental monitoring to constrain resource quality and associated risks. Future development strategies may also incorporate carbon capture and utilization (CCU) within depleted reservoirs to reduce CO₂ emissions associated with shale gas exploitation. Future development should evaluate the effects of supercritical CO₂ (ScCO₂) solvent interactions on pore structure and mineralogy in shale, sandstone, and coal reservoirs to assess the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and suitability of carbon storage systems. Integrating these insights with reservoir-scale mapping and petrophysical modeling provides a basis for optimizing hydrocarbon recovery and long-term CO₂ storage in North African basins.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bello Aliyu, Abdulmajid Abdulrahman, Safiratu Hashimu, Eneojo Godwin Ameh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of concrete strength utilizing quarry crushed and locally sourced coarse aggregates in Jos metropolis
This work compares the compressive strength and other physical properties of concrete made with coarse aggregates obtained from machine-crushed and hand-crushed coarse aggregates improvised from Jos Metropolis middlebelt Plateau State Nigeria. The phenomenon of using nonconforming hand-crushed aggregates in local construction which provides variable concrete quality through batching inevitably invalidating structural integrity galvanized the research. Aggregates from three machine crushed sources PW Quarry (Jos South), RicRock Quarry (Jos East) and Moulds Quarry (Jos East) and hand-crushed source: Tudunwada (TW), Building Materials Market (BM) and Domkat Bali (DB). Test were conducted on the rock samples to determine their geological, physical and mechanical properties in accordance with BS 410, BS 812 and BS EN 12520 respectively. The results of sieve analysis shows that machine-crushed aggregates has a 95-95% the 20 mm sieve and 54-58% passing the 12.5 mm sieve which are within the BS EN 12620 grading limit, while the hand-crushed aggregates exhibited below the stipulated gradation. The mechanical properties of the machine-crushed aggregates revealed that LAA ranges from 21.6-23.4%, AIV of 17.5-18.9% and ACV of 19.2-20.4% across all the samples indicating a higher resistance to wear confirming better mechanical performance against the hand-crushed aggregates with LAA of 26.8-28.5%, AIV of 21.7-23.1% and ACV of 23.4-24.9% which are higher and may result to poor concrete bonding. The compressive strength showed that machine crushed aggregate achieved maximum mean strength at 28-days curing with PW having 28.6 MPa, Ricrock with 29.1 MPa and Moulds with 27.4 MPa while Hand-crushed aggregate recorded a lower strength at 28-days curing with TW, BM and DB exhibiting CS of 23.7 MPa, 24.0 MPa and 22.5 MPa respectively. These findings revealed that machine-crushed aggregates yield superior and more consistent concrete quality due to their uniform particle size distribution and reduced flaky content than the hand-crushed aggregates. The study recommends that machine-crushed aggregates should be prioritized for structural applications, while hand-crushed aggregates may be limited to non-structural applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jighjigh Eric Annune, Ahmed Yakubu Ahmed, Garnvwa Jennifer Dawi, Monde Joseph Monde (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of viscous dissipation on steady-state pressure-driven flow in a horizontal porous channel
This work considers a pressure-driven flow through a horizontal channel. The flow is considered under the influence of viscous dissipation effect and porosity of the channel plates. The equations governing the flow are solved using the method of undetermined coefficients to obtain a closed-form solution for velocity and temperature of the fluid within the system. A simulation of the analytical solutions obtained was carried out on MATLAB and the outcome was presented in graphical form. From the investigation, it can be deduced that viscous dissipation acts to increase fluid temperature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deborah Abiola Daramola, Y. A. Bello, Gabriel Samalia, H. A. Lawal, Martins Omale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative studies for determining the optical band gap energy of CuSe thin films
In the present study, copper selenide (CuSe) metal chalcogenide thin films have been fabricated from Se/Cu bilayer deposited using two-step procedure involving thermal evaporation and dip coating followed by thermal annealing. The thermally evaporated Se layer was maintained at a constant thickness of 40 nm while the dip coated layer of copper was carried out for varying time of 40 and 80 min. The prepared CuSe thin film was characterized in terms of its structural and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction spectra revealed post thermal inter-diffusion of the two layers and the production of CuSe thin film exhibiting hexagonal crystal structure. The optical transmission measurements were recorded within the wavelength range of 300 to 1000 nm. Four different methods were employed in ascertaining the direct band gap energies of the prepared CuSe thin films and the results were compared with the famous Tauc’s relation. The values of the band gap energy ranges between 3.58 and 3.87 eV for the 40-CuSe sample as well as 3.65 and 3.99 eV for the 80-CuSe sample. The results from the study confirmed that the fabricated films possess wide band gap energy, making them a candidate for window layer in many solar cell applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. O. Olasanmi, S. I. Akinsola, K. A. Yusuf, A. E. Aregbesola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibition on mild steel by parts of anogeissus leiocarpusin acidic medium
This research investigates the corrosion inhibition by parts of Anogeisuss leiocarpus on mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 under temperature conditions of 30 -60 ℃ and exposure time of 3, 6 and 9 h using weight loss, and Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The inhibition efficiencies (IE %) of the parts follows the trend: root (91.73 %) and leaf (89.64 %). The result shows with increase in the concentration (0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g and 0.8 g) of the methanol extract, inhibition efficiency (IE %) increases. Temperature and exposure time increase reveals increase in corrosion rate, hence decrease in inhibition efficiency (IE %). The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) result for the root and leaf reveals the phytoconstituents like Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (30.42 %), DL-alpha-Hydroxylysine (18.27 %) , Glycerol 1-palmitate (17.63 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (29.45 %), Benzene, 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (21.78%), and Norcodeine (11.21 %) respectively may be responsible for the variation in the inhibition efficiencies between root and leaf.
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS)
Copyright (c) 2025 S. J. I. Ibejekwe (Author); B. Eke Uche, Sunday Elaigwu, J. R. Waziri (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Smart communities: enhancing local processes through artificial intelligence and quality of life
This study explores the impact of smart communities on residents' quality of life, with a focus on the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing local processes. Smart community is one of the innovative solutions in which local processes could be enhanced through the potential of AI because, it can optimize the resource allocation, improve citizen engagement, and foster sustainable development. This study investigates the transformational potential of AI in enhancing local processes and quality of life in smart communities using a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, case studies, and interviews. The data triangulation employed through these diverse data collection methods enhances the reliability of the findings by cross-validating results and providing a more comprehensive understanding of AI's impact. The study evaluates the integration of AI-driven solutions in sectors such as transportation, public safety, energy management, and healthcare within smart communities. The findings reveal significant improvements in crime reduction, transportation efficiency, and energy consumption, emphasizing the critical role of community engagement and effective data management. This research contributes to the development of AI-driven smart communities, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community leaders on how to harness AI for creating more sustainable and responsive cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Ayotunde Alaba Fadele (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leveraging EBG integration for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement
This article proposed a design of an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) integrated Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The design employed the use of two quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonators coupled close to a radiating patch for bandwidth enhancement. The proposed design is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.7, loss tangent of 0.02, and thickness of 2.5 mm. Zelt, a nylon-based material, with a surface resistivity of 0.01 ohm/sq and thickness of 0.063 mm was used as the radiating patch. The designed antennas were studied and analyzed using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio. Different parameters such as Return Loss, Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency were studied and compared for the antenna with and without EBG. The antenna achieved a fractional bandwidth of 9.4%. To improve other parameters, EBG was used thereby improving the gain of the antenna from 4.03dBi to 4.58dBi, and radiation efficiency from 52% to 53.2%. Such improvement showed that this antenna offers better performance compared to existing solutions, which often face limitations in bandwidth of 4%. The proposed antenna can be utilised in various wearable devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band of 2.45 GHz for healthcare monitoring, military communications, and implantable medical tools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo, Suleiman Aliyu Babale, Sani Halliru Lawan, Garba Anas Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multisource data fusion for enhanced gold mineral prospectivity mapping in Yagba West, Kogi State: a machine learning approach
Gold mineral prospectivity mapping is crucial for identifying potential gold-bearing zones and supporting exploration efforts through advanced data analytics. However, many existing models tend to overestimate high-prospectivity areas, introducing biases toward known deposits and limiting their effectiveness in discovering new mineralized zones. To enhance exploration accuracy, data-driven approaches that enhance model interpretability and minimize predictive bias are essential. In this study, we applied Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to generate gold mineralization maps for Yagba West, utilizing an integrated dataset comprising SRTM DEM, Landsat 8 imagery, geological maps, and aeromagnetic data. The SVM model identified a gold-prospective area of 249.58 km² with an accuracy of 100%, while the CART model delineated a 132.13 km² prospective zone with an accuracy of 93%. This study further revealed that gold occurrences in the study area are predominantly concentrated in quartzite, quartz schist, gabbro, and quartz gabbro formations, primarily along NNE–SSW and NW–SE structural orientations, emphasizing the influence of structural controls on mineralization. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning in enhancing gold prospectivity mapping and optimizing exploration strategies in structurally controlled gold-bearing terrains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Momohjimoh Abdulsalami, Jacob Funsho Omonile, Abubakar Fahad, Abdullateef Aliyu, Muhammad Kabir Yahaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of fault zone and its environmental impact in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria
A series of Seismic activities are being experienced in some part of Nigeria with the obvious threat to lives and properties. This study therefore investigated and identified localized fault zone believed to be pathway to seismic activities in Ilorin. For this purpose, high resolution aeromagnetic data of Ilorin, obtained from Nigerian Geological Survey Agency were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 data processing and analysis software package. The Reduced to Equator (RTE)-Residual Magnetic Anomaly (RMA) maps were obtained from step by step filtering of magnetic intensity maps, the geological features were examined using Analytic Signal Amplitude (ASA). Lineaments were extracted from Total Horizontal Derivatives (THD) map.The process was then subjected to depth continuation process to obtain localized fault zones The Upward continuation process employed, showed the region of consistent high magnetic amplitude or increasing amplitude on the upward depth continued map of the study area as region of deep depth to magnetic sources, indicating intrusion. The minor or localized faults were captured with decreasing magnetic amplitude at UC height of 5000 m at the depth of 2,500m in the area under study. The superposition of the lineaments obtained from THD map on the RTE-RMA and geological maps revealed ductile and brittle deformations and a set of dextral localized faults of varied orientations. These identified localized faults within the study area could serve as pathway to Seismic activities leading to earth tremor as a threat to human existence.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. O. Agboola, L. A. Sunmonu, M. A. Adabanija, N. K. Olasunkanmi, K. O. Suleman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Android malware detection using random forest algorithm
The proliferation of mobile devices and their dependence on the android OS has made them prime targets for cybercriminals, leading to an escalating threat of malware. This study addresses the growing need for effective malware detection methods by exploring the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the security of Android devices. Specifically, the research investigates the performance of various ML algorithms, with a focus on Random Forest, in detecting malware on the android platform. Through the comprehensive analysis and experimentation, the study demonstrate significant improvements in detection accuracy, achieving a near-perfect 0.99 across key performance metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision and F1-score. These results highlights the potential of ML to revolutionize Android OS malware detection, offering robust, real-time protection against evolving threats while minimizing the impact on device performance. The findings contribute valuable insights for cyber security practitioners, mobile app developers, and researchers, paving the way for more secure mobile environment and advanced malware detection systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samson Isaac, Abdullahi Tanimu, Mohammed Shamsuddeen Tukur , Jacob Isaac , Amina Bala Ja'afaru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of physicochemical properties of Lafarge cement towards achieving a sustainable society
Conducive shelter is one of the basic needs of life, and in this modern society, large numbers of livable structures are made of cement. The number of cases of collapsed structures/buildings in Nigeria has been on the increase in recent times, reported in cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Abuja, Port Harcourt, etc. There is an urgent need to find lasting solutions to tackle structural/building challenges arising from the use of cement. The manufacturing of cement is a continuous process, necessitating ongoing monitoring of the quality of Ordinary Portland Cement, as recommended by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON). The study assessed the physicochemical and mechanical properties of four brands of Lafarge cement named Elephant Classic Supaset, Powermax, and Standard grade using standard procedures. The cement analysis reveals that the SiO2 content increases with the grade of cement, with the highest value of 20.46% in 52.5-grade cement. Similarly, higher grades of cement demonstrate greater values in Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO, indicating enhanced material composition for higher strength applications. Most of the parameters analyzed (%SiO2, %SO3, 28-Day strength, and % oxides of metal) align with the standards of SON and ASTM. It can be concluded that building failure due to the use of these cements could be linked to the use of nonprofessional builders, other fake materials, and corruption by contractors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abiodun Oluwatosin Adeoye, Rukayat Oluwatobiloba Quadri, Olayide Samuel Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modelling the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of tuberculosis in an age-structured population
Despite several efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) is still a global leading cause of death. This paper proposed an age-structured deterministic model governing the transmission dynamics and control of TB in the presence of vaccination integrated into the eligible population. Qualitative analysis of the model was carried out to obtain the disease-free equilibrium point of it. The effective reproduction number, Re , of the model was calculated using the next generation matrix method, which offered a numerical indicator of the potential for TB transmission in the age-structured population. Numerical analysis further offers some insightful information about how the key sensitive parameters and the vaccination rate influence the transmission dynamics and control of TB in an age-structured population settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omowumi Fatimah Lawal, Afeez Abidemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of deformation on alpha decay of super-heavy nuclei within a Woods-Saxon model
In this research, alpha decay study of super-heavy nuclei has been carried out by employing the Woods-Saxon model potential. The spherical and deformed Woods-Saxon model have been employed to investigate the effect of deformation on the super-heavy nuclei via alpha decay. When compared with experimental data, the two models are found to perform very well in describing the experimental half-life data. Moreover, results obtained by considering deformation is found to give better agreement with the experimental data than the results using spherical configuration. This is mainly because the super-heavy nuclei have non-zero deformation parameters. The study concludes that deformation should be considered when studying super-heavy nuclei, and that the deformed Woods-Saxon model is more complete in describing the interaction between the alpha decay and the daughter nuclei as it has a low standard deviation value of 0.5012 compared to 0.6260 when only sphericity is considered.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Shittu, H. A. Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes with schiff base derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide
A novel Schiff base ligand was synthesized from the condensation of substituted thiosemicarbazide and 1H- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. The corresponding Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were obtained by refluxing the chloride of the metals with the prepared Schiff base in an ethanolic solution. The Schiff base and its complexes were characterized and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurement, melting point/decomposition temperature, and solubility test. The Infrared spectral data of the Schiff base showed an absorption band at 1585 cm-1, attributed to ν(C=N) stretching. However, this band was shifted to a higher frequency of 1590cm-1 and 1596cm-1 indicating the formation of a Ni-N and Cu-N band in the complexes respectively. The UV-Visible studies revealed significant red shifts in the characteristics C=N and C=S bands upon complexation confirming strong ligand-metal coordination. The complexes exhibited enhanced thermal stability (with decomposition temperatures of 217°C for Ni(II), 205°C for Cu(II) ). Magnetic measurements indicated a high-spin octahedral geometry for the Ni(II) complex (µ-eff =2.9B.M) and a distorted octahedral (Jahn-Teller) geometry for the Cu(II) complex (µ-eff =1.90B.M). The molar conductance value of the Ni(II) complex was observed at 38.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 while that of the Cu(II) complex was observed at 24.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 suggesting non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The Schiff base and the complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacterial strains), Candida albicans, Tinea capitis and Tinea pedis (fungal strains with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole serving as control drugs for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results demonstrated that metal complexation significantly enhances bioactivity relative to the free ligand, although their activity was lower than that of the standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 B. L. Abdullahi, H. N. Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A grid-based sectoring for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
Extending the network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) while meeting user needs is crucial, given the limited energy capacity and rapid depletion of nodes. Clustering is an effective strategy for prolonging network lifetime by reducing energy overhead in data transmission. The Sector-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (S-LEACH) method mitigates energy depletion by grouping nodes into sectors and selecting Cluster Heads (CHs) based on either the highest residual energy or a random number. However, its CH selection process remains suboptimal, leading to energy imbalance and inefficiencies due to fixed sector boundaries. This research improves CH selection by organizing sensor nodes into square grid clusters and employing a routing algorithm for randomized CH selection. Game theory (GT) and Ad hoc on Demand Vectors (AODV) were used to choose the optimal routing path, while Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) was used to determine the optimal CHs. MATLAB 2023a was utilized for network design and algorithm implementation. After 1,000 transmission rounds, the proposed method extended the network lifetime to 582 seconds, compared to 565 seconds in S-LEACH, representing a 3% improvement. Results indicate that the proposed approach enhances network longevity and balances energy consumption across clusters, ultimately improving overall performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Mustapha Aminu Bagiwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing energy efficiency in IoT networks for sustainable smart cities: a focus on energy-efficient communication protocols
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving the development of smart cities by improving connectivity and automation. However, the increasing number of IoT devices raises concerns about energy consumption, device longevity, and network sustainability. High energy demands lead to higher costs and limit large-scale deployments. To address these issues, energy-efficient protocols are essential for optimizing power consumption while maintaining network reliability. Key strategies include adaptive power control, duty cycling, and hybrid energy harvesting. The Hybrid Energy Harvesting-Based Energy Neutral Operation Medium Access Control (HENO-MAC) protocol integrates solar and wind energy to support energy-neutral operations. Additionally, advanced Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols, such as the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), help minimize energy wastage. Emerging communication standards like Thread 1.4 further enhance energy efficiency and security. This study evaluates state-of-the-art energy-efficient IoT protocols in smart urban environments, analyzing technologies such as (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) MQTT, RPL, and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It also explores AI-driven energy management, edge computing, and energy-harvesting IoT systems. Through case studies from smart city initiatives in Barcelona and Singapore, the research highlights best practices for improving sustainability in IoT-driven cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Hadiza Abdullahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
High performance multilayer satellite electronic shielding system (MULSES)
Passive radiation shielding has gained prominence in space technology due to satellite malfunction and destruction by high-energy beta particles in low Earth orbit (LEO). This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel composite material composed of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and high-density polyethylene (HDPe) reinforced with Doum fiber. MULSES mechanical properties exhibited tensile strength of 25 MPa, hardness of 85.7 Hv, and impact energy absorption of 23.721 J, demonstrating a perfect combination of strength, flexibility, and toughness. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the composite has thermal stability until approximately 600◦ C, degradation was initiated at 320◦ C and optimal degradation was at 480◦ C. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed peaks of exothermic degradation at 400◦ C and 520◦ C corresponding to decomposition of polymer and fibers, respectively, and show the suitability of the composite to handle high temperature. Radiation shielding efficiency was tested at various beta (6, 9, 10, 12, and 15 MeV) and gamma (662 keV and 1.25 MeV) energies. Stacking arrangement played a crucial role in shielding efficiency, with the BHA (Boron, HDPe, Aluminum) arrangement delivering the maximum beta radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of 99.16% at 6 MeV and 95.42% at 15 MeV. When compared to other stack arrangements, the BHA arrangement showed 12% improvement in beta attenuation efficiency and 8% improvement in gamma attenuation efficiency. The smaller mean free path (MFP) and half-value layer (HVL) for beta and gamma radiation also confirm the improved shielding property of the BHA arrangement. HDPe-Doum fiber-h-BN-Al2 O3 exhibits the optimum mechanical strength, heat stability, and radiation shielding properties all together that render MULSES a cost-effective, light, and renewable space shielding material.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lubem James Utume, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization in Birnin-Gwari through tranformation of aero-radiometric data
Gold mining is a significant driver of wealth, serving as a reliable store of value against currency decline and a favoured hedge against inflation. Regions with hydrothermal alteration are key indicators of gold mineralization, and certain mapping techniques have proven effective for identifying these zones. However, these techniques have not yet been applied within the Birnin Gwari Schist Belt. This study used these established techniques to examine the spectrometric data over a known gold mine within the belt. The findings reveal that the gold mine area shows moderate potassium levels with low thorium and uranium readings, indicating hydrothermal alteration. Additionally, a region northwest of the mine may have undergone a similar alteration, suggesting a potential gold mine (PGM). The ternary map indicates the location of both the gold mine and PGM have high potassium concentrations. Both sites also record high Kd values, consistent with potassic alteration. The computed parameter value for the gold mine and PGM suggests their rock formations have undergone moderate alteration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. A. Bello, S. C. Evans, H. A. Lawal, J. O. Alao, D. Daramola, T. O. Amuda, M. B Yakubu, S. M. Hussaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analysis of sand-shale formations using core geochemical spectroscopy tools
Modern investigations into spectral gamma-ray (SGR) records enhance understanding of sedimentary environments and paleoenvironmental conditions. This study examines a 111 m sand and shale interval in the Tak-1 well, Niger Delta Basin, to characterize clay mineral types and interpret depositional settings. The evaluation of lithology, mineral composition, and geochemical properties through core slabs investigation and spectroscopic analysis revealed information about depositional settings. Spectroscopic analysis of spectral gamma-ray data identified key elements—potassium (K), uranium (U), and thorium (Th)—to differentiate clay minerals, correlate chemostratigraphy, and reconstruct paleoenvironments. Results show that the lithology consists predominantly of sandstone, with occasional interbedding of shaly sand and sandy shale. Uranium and thorium are abundant in mudrocks, while feldspars, micas, and glauconite dominate sandstones. Th/K ratio cross-plots identified smectite/mixed-layer clays, with low Th/K values indicating potassium-rich minerals such as illite, mica, or feldspar. Sandstones contained potassium-bearing minerals like glauconite and evaporites. High uranium values (10–15 ppm) and low Th/U ratios signified organic-rich source rocks formed under anoxic, reducing conditions. Extremely low potassium values (<2%) indicated terrestrial sandstone deposits rich in feldspar. These geochemical and mineralogical characteristics suggest a transitional depositional environment influenced by both terrestrial and marginal marine settings. Fluctuating sea levels shaped sedimentation, with the study interval primarily reflecting a marine paralic anoxic setting with intermittent deltaic influence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwakemi Efemena, Franklin Lucas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Di-layers satellite electronic shielding system (DiLSES): fabrication and characterization
Satellites in space are vulnerable to high-energy electrons above that can damage their electronic systems. To curtail this challenge, a new multi-layer system is synthesized from biomass and geological ores and characterized for mechanical, thermal as well as gamma and beta radiation shielding efficiencies. The new system, a Di-layer Satellite Electronic Shielding System (DiLSES), featuring an innovative, light weight, two-layer material composite made from low atomic number material labeled which are arranged in two configurations LH and HL. This advanced material shows exceptional mechanical characteristics with impact strength of hardness of and tensile strength of, making it resistant to launch vibrations and collision with low velocity space debris. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revels that DiLSES can withstand high temperature environment of up to 300 and only gradually decomposes by less than 5% between and For gamma radiation shielding efficiency, the DiLSES effectively attenuated pointed gamma radiation from Co-60 with maximum energy of 1.332 MeV by and for and the LH configuration offers better attenuation. The DiLSES attenuates high-energy beta particles generated by medical LINAC by over 93%, achieving a remarkable reduction at energy .This innovative light-weights and cost-effective material has the potential to improve the shielding of electronic components in satellites against high-energy beta particles (greater than 1 Mev) which cause satellite damage and operational failures. It also offers protection from space radiation like gamma and cosmic rays, making it useful for both space and medical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Lubem James Utume, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mitigating MAC flooding attacks using port security techniques
In today's interconnected digital landscape, network security is paramount, particularly for Local Area Networks (LANs) that are increasingly vulnerable to MAC flooding attacks. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities in network switches, compromising network integrity and privacy. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of port security mechanisms in mitigating MAC flooding threats through a practical simulation using Packet Tracer. The simulation setup includes a switch, two authorized computers, and one unauthorized computer, with a strict limit of one MAC address allowed per port. Shutdown violation is set whenever the switch port learn more than 1 MAC address to avoid MAC flooding. The findings reveal that the implementation of MAC address limiting effectively prevents the learning of additional MAC addresses, thereby safeguarding the network from potential flooding attacks. When the maximum MAC address limit is reached, the port is shutdown as set in the violation mode. This research underscores the critical importance of proactive security measures in maintaining network integrity and provides valuable insights for network administrators seeking to enhance their security protocols.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative mathematical application of game theory in solving healthcare allocation problem
Game theory being a mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions among decision makers is increasingly applied to complex problems in healthcare resource allocation. This innovative research strategically applied the game theory model to solve the problem of healthcare allocation. It determined the strategies of Player I (Company A) and Player II (Competitor- Company B), established those strategies using QM (Quality Management) software for Windows, determined the amount of gain or loss experienced by Player I and Player II during the allocations, created various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph against Column’s strategy and the Column’s graph against Row’s strategies for a pure strategy, and produced various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph for mixed strategy with given expected loss (%). For it to profit by #1,000,000 (for example) in the case that Company B expands to X location, company A must assign the patients’ bed production plant to location (strategy) D. If Company B introduces the 50% discount or makes #7,000,000, then company A does not have to assign any amount of vaccines manufactured in their firm. The objective is to stop outbreaks in high-risk locations and reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Consequently, a mixed strategy is used, with the aim of maximizing the overall quality of care given to patients while making sure that each facility has the resources necessary for efficient operation.
Mathematical application and resources allocation
Copyright (c) 2025 Stephen I. Okeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0