Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
Welcome to the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences! As the premier platform for showcasing cutting-edge research and innovative discoveries in the field of physical sciences, we are delighted to welcome you to our digital space. Our proceedings serve as a vital repository of knowledge, capturing the insights and contributions of esteemed researchers, scholars, and practitioners from across Nigeria and beyond. Within these pages, you will find a diverse array of scholarly works presented at our esteemed conferences, spanning a wide spectrum of disciplines within the physical sciences. From physics and chemistry to astronomy and geology, our proceedings encompass the latest advancements and breakthroughs that are shaping the future of scientific inquiry. Our commitment to excellence extends to the rigorous peer-review process undertaken by our esteemed panel of experts, ensuring that only the highest quality research receives a place within our proceedings. As a result, readers can trust in the reliability and integrity of the content presented here. Whether you are a seasoned researcher seeking to stay abreast of the latest developments or a curious enthusiast eager to explore the frontiers of scientific discovery, the Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences offers a wealth of knowledge and insight to enrich your understanding. We invite you to delve into our archives, explore our latest publications, and join us on a journey of exploration and discovery. Together, let us push the boundaries of knowledge and inspire future generations of scientists to pursue their passions and make meaningful contributions to the world of physical sciences. Welcome to our community, where curiosity knows no bounds, and the pursuit of knowledge is celebrated.
Effect of viscous dissipation on steady-state pressure-driven flow in a horizontal porous channel
This work considers a pressure-driven flow through a horizontal channel. The flow is considered under the influence of viscous dissipation effect and porosity of the channel plates. The equations governing the flow are solved using the method of undetermined coefficients to obtain a closed-form solution for velocity and temperature of the fluid within the system. A simulation of the analytical solutions obtained was carried out on MATLAB and the outcome was presented in graphical form. From the investigation, it can be deduced that viscous dissipation acts to increase fluid temperature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deborah Abiola Daramola, Y. A. Bello, Gabriel Samalia, H. A. Lawal, Martins Omale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative studies for determining the optical band gap energy of CuSe thin films
In the present study, copper selenide (CuSe) metal chalcogenide thin films have been fabricated from Se/Cu bilayer deposited using two-step procedure involving thermal evaporation and dip coating followed by thermal annealing. The thermally evaporated Se layer was maintained at a constant thickness of 40 nm while the dip coated layer of copper was carried out for varying time of 40 and 80 min. The prepared CuSe thin film was characterized in terms of its structural and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction spectra revealed post thermal inter-diffusion of the two layers and the production of CuSe thin film exhibiting hexagonal crystal structure. The optical transmission measurements were recorded within the wavelength range of 300 to 1000 nm. Four different methods were employed in ascertaining the direct band gap energies of the prepared CuSe thin films and the results were compared with the famous Tauc’s relation. The values of the band gap energy ranges between 3.58 and 3.87 eV for the 40-CuSe sample as well as 3.65 and 3.99 eV for the 80-CuSe sample. The results from the study confirmed that the fabricated films possess wide band gap energy, making them a candidate for window layer in many solar cell applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. O. Olasanmi, S. I. Akinsola, K. A. Yusuf, A. E. Aregbesola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibition on mild steel by parts of anogeissus leiocarpusin acidic medium
This research investigates the corrosion inhibition by parts of Anogeisuss leiocarpus on mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 under temperature conditions of 30 -60 ℃ and exposure time of 3, 6 and 9 h using weight loss, and Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The inhibition efficiencies (IE %) of the parts follows the trend: root (91.73 %) and leaf (89.64 %). The result shows with increase in the concentration (0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g and 0.8 g) of the methanol extract, inhibition efficiency (IE %) increases. Temperature and exposure time increase reveals increase in corrosion rate, hence decrease in inhibition efficiency (IE %). The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) result for the root and leaf reveals the phytoconstituents like Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (30.42 %), DL-alpha-Hydroxylysine (18.27 %) , Glycerol 1-palmitate (17.63 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (29.45 %), Benzene, 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (21.78%), and Norcodeine (11.21 %) respectively may be responsible for the variation in the inhibition efficiencies between root and leaf.
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS)
Copyright (c) 2025 S. J. I. Ibejekwe (Author); B. Eke Uche, Sunday Elaigwu, J. R. Waziri (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Smart communities: enhancing local processes through artificial intelligence and quality of life
This study explores the impact of smart communities on residents' quality of life, with a focus on the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing local processes. Smart community is one of the innovative solutions in which local processes could be enhanced through the potential of AI because, it can optimize the resource allocation, improve citizen engagement, and foster sustainable development. This study investigates the transformational potential of AI in enhancing local processes and quality of life in smart communities using a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, case studies, and interviews. The data triangulation employed through these diverse data collection methods enhances the reliability of the findings by cross-validating results and providing a more comprehensive understanding of AI's impact. The study evaluates the integration of AI-driven solutions in sectors such as transportation, public safety, energy management, and healthcare within smart communities. The findings reveal significant improvements in crime reduction, transportation efficiency, and energy consumption, emphasizing the critical role of community engagement and effective data management. This research contributes to the development of AI-driven smart communities, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community leaders on how to harness AI for creating more sustainable and responsive cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Ayotunde Alaba Fadele (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leveraging EBG integration for microstrip patch antenna performance enhancement
This article proposed a design of an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) integrated Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The design employed the use of two quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonators coupled close to a radiating patch for bandwidth enhancement. The proposed design is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.7, loss tangent of 0.02, and thickness of 2.5 mm. Zelt, a nylon-based material, with a surface resistivity of 0.01 ohm/sq and thickness of 0.063 mm was used as the radiating patch. The designed antennas were studied and analyzed using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio. Different parameters such as Return Loss, Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency were studied and compared for the antenna with and without EBG. The antenna achieved a fractional bandwidth of 9.4%. To improve other parameters, EBG was used thereby improving the gain of the antenna from 4.03dBi to 4.58dBi, and radiation efficiency from 52% to 53.2%. Such improvement showed that this antenna offers better performance compared to existing solutions, which often face limitations in bandwidth of 4%. The proposed antenna can be utilised in various wearable devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band of 2.45 GHz for healthcare monitoring, military communications, and implantable medical tools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo, Suleiman Aliyu Babale, Sani Halliru Lawan, Garba Anas Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multisource data fusion for enhanced gold mineral prospectivity mapping in Yagba West, Kogi State: a machine learning approach
Gold mineral prospectivity mapping is crucial for identifying potential gold-bearing zones and supporting exploration efforts through advanced data analytics. However, many existing models tend to overestimate high-prospectivity areas, introducing biases toward known deposits and limiting their effectiveness in discovering new mineralized zones. To enhance exploration accuracy, data-driven approaches that enhance model interpretability and minimize predictive bias are essential. In this study, we applied Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to generate gold mineralization maps for Yagba West, utilizing an integrated dataset comprising SRTM DEM, Landsat 8 imagery, geological maps, and aeromagnetic data. The SVM model identified a gold-prospective area of 249.58 km² with an accuracy of 100%, while the CART model delineated a 132.13 km² prospective zone with an accuracy of 93%. This study further revealed that gold occurrences in the study area are predominantly concentrated in quartzite, quartz schist, gabbro, and quartz gabbro formations, primarily along NNE–SSW and NW–SE structural orientations, emphasizing the influence of structural controls on mineralization. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning in enhancing gold prospectivity mapping and optimizing exploration strategies in structurally controlled gold-bearing terrains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Momohjimoh Abdulsalami, Jacob Funsho Omonile, Abubakar Fahad, Abdullateef Aliyu, Muhammad Kabir Yahaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of fault zone and its environmental impact in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria
A series of Seismic activities are being experienced in some part of Nigeria with the obvious threat to lives and properties. This study therefore investigated and identified localized fault zone believed to be pathway to seismic activities in Ilorin. For this purpose, high resolution aeromagnetic data of Ilorin, obtained from Nigerian Geological Survey Agency were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 data processing and analysis software package. The Reduced to Equator (RTE)-Residual Magnetic Anomaly (RMA) maps were obtained from step by step filtering of magnetic intensity maps, the geological features were examined using Analytic Signal Amplitude (ASA). Lineaments were extracted from Total Horizontal Derivatives (THD) map.The process was then subjected to depth continuation process to obtain localized fault zones The Upward continuation process employed, showed the region of consistent high magnetic amplitude or increasing amplitude on the upward depth continued map of the study area as region of deep depth to magnetic sources, indicating intrusion. The minor or localized faults were captured with decreasing magnetic amplitude at UC height of 5000 m at the depth of 2,500m in the area under study. The superposition of the lineaments obtained from THD map on the RTE-RMA and geological maps revealed ductile and brittle deformations and a set of dextral localized faults of varied orientations. These identified localized faults within the study area could serve as pathway to Seismic activities leading to earth tremor as a threat to human existence.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. O. Agboola, L. A. Sunmonu, M. A. Adabanija, N. K. Olasunkanmi, K. O. Suleman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Android malware detection using random forest algorithm
The proliferation of mobile devices and their dependence on the android OS has made them prime targets for cybercriminals, leading to an escalating threat of malware. This study addresses the growing need for effective malware detection methods by exploring the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the security of Android devices. Specifically, the research investigates the performance of various ML algorithms, with a focus on Random Forest, in detecting malware on the android platform. Through the comprehensive analysis and experimentation, the study demonstrate significant improvements in detection accuracy, achieving a near-perfect 0.99 across key performance metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision and F1-score. These results highlights the potential of ML to revolutionize Android OS malware detection, offering robust, real-time protection against evolving threats while minimizing the impact on device performance. The findings contribute valuable insights for cyber security practitioners, mobile app developers, and researchers, paving the way for more secure mobile environment and advanced malware detection systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samson Isaac, Abdullahi Tanimu, Mohammed Shamsuddeen Tukur , Jacob Isaac , Amina Bala Ja'afaru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of physicochemical properties of Lafarge cement towards achieving a sustainable society
Conducive shelter is one of the basic needs of life, and in this modern society, large numbers of livable structures are made of cement. The number of cases of collapsed structures/buildings in Nigeria has been on the increase in recent times, reported in cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Abuja, Port Harcourt, etc. There is an urgent need to find lasting solutions to tackle structural/building challenges arising from the use of cement. The manufacturing of cement is a continuous process, necessitating ongoing monitoring of the quality of Ordinary Portland Cement, as recommended by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON). The study assessed the physicochemical and mechanical properties of four brands of Lafarge cement named Elephant Classic Supaset, Powermax, and Standard grade using standard procedures. The cement analysis reveals that the SiO2 content increases with the grade of cement, with the highest value of 20.46% in 52.5-grade cement. Similarly, higher grades of cement demonstrate greater values in Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO, indicating enhanced material composition for higher strength applications. Most of the parameters analyzed (%SiO2, %SO3, 28-Day strength, and % oxides of metal) align with the standards of SON and ASTM. It can be concluded that building failure due to the use of these cements could be linked to the use of nonprofessional builders, other fake materials, and corruption by contractors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abiodun Oluwatosin Adeoye, Rukayat Oluwatobiloba Quadri, Olayide Samuel Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modelling the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of tuberculosis in an age-structured population
Despite several efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) is still a global leading cause of death. This paper proposed an age-structured deterministic model governing the transmission dynamics and control of TB in the presence of vaccination integrated into the eligible population. Qualitative analysis of the model was carried out to obtain the disease-free equilibrium point of it. The effective reproduction number, Re , of the model was calculated using the next generation matrix method, which offered a numerical indicator of the potential for TB transmission in the age-structured population. Numerical analysis further offers some insightful information about how the key sensitive parameters and the vaccination rate influence the transmission dynamics and control of TB in an age-structured population settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omowumi Fatimah Lawal, Afeez Abidemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of deformation on alpha decay of super-heavy nuclei within a Woods-Saxon model
In this research, alpha decay study of super-heavy nuclei has been carried out by employing the Woods-Saxon model potential. The spherical and deformed Woods-Saxon model have been employed to investigate the effect of deformation on the super-heavy nuclei via alpha decay. When compared with experimental data, the two models are found to perform very well in describing the experimental half-life data. Moreover, results obtained by considering deformation is found to give better agreement with the experimental data than the results using spherical configuration. This is mainly because the super-heavy nuclei have non-zero deformation parameters. The study concludes that deformation should be considered when studying super-heavy nuclei, and that the deformed Woods-Saxon model is more complete in describing the interaction between the alpha decay and the daughter nuclei as it has a low standard deviation value of 0.5012 compared to 0.6260 when only sphericity is considered.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Shittu, H. A. Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes with schiff base derived from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide
A novel Schiff base ligand was synthesized from the condensation of substituted thiosemicarbazide and 1H- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. The corresponding Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were obtained by refluxing the chloride of the metals with the prepared Schiff base in an ethanolic solution. The Schiff base and its complexes were characterized and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurement, melting point/decomposition temperature, and solubility test. The Infrared spectral data of the Schiff base showed an absorption band at 1585 cm-1, attributed to ν(C=N) stretching. However, this band was shifted to a higher frequency of 1590cm-1 and 1596cm-1 indicating the formation of a Ni-N and Cu-N band in the complexes respectively. The UV-Visible studies revealed significant red shifts in the characteristics C=N and C=S bands upon complexation confirming strong ligand-metal coordination. The complexes exhibited enhanced thermal stability (with decomposition temperatures of 217°C for Ni(II), 205°C for Cu(II) ). Magnetic measurements indicated a high-spin octahedral geometry for the Ni(II) complex (µ-eff =2.9B.M) and a distorted octahedral (Jahn-Teller) geometry for the Cu(II) complex (µ-eff =1.90B.M). The molar conductance value of the Ni(II) complex was observed at 38.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 while that of the Cu(II) complex was observed at 24.20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 suggesting non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The Schiff base and the complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacterial strains), Candida albicans, Tinea capitis and Tinea pedis (fungal strains with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole serving as control drugs for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results demonstrated that metal complexation significantly enhances bioactivity relative to the free ligand, although their activity was lower than that of the standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 B. L. Abdullahi, H. N. Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A grid-based sectoring for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
Extending the network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) while meeting user needs is crucial, given the limited energy capacity and rapid depletion of nodes. Clustering is an effective strategy for prolonging network lifetime by reducing energy overhead in data transmission. The Sector-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (S-LEACH) method mitigates energy depletion by grouping nodes into sectors and selecting Cluster Heads (CHs) based on either the highest residual energy or a random number. However, its CH selection process remains suboptimal, leading to energy imbalance and inefficiencies due to fixed sector boundaries. This research improves CH selection by organizing sensor nodes into square grid clusters and employing a routing algorithm for randomized CH selection. Game theory (GT) and Ad hoc on Demand Vectors (AODV) were used to choose the optimal routing path, while Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) was used to determine the optimal CHs. MATLAB 2023a was utilized for network design and algorithm implementation. After 1,000 transmission rounds, the proposed method extended the network lifetime to 582 seconds, compared to 565 seconds in S-LEACH, representing a 3% improvement. Results indicate that the proposed approach enhances network longevity and balances energy consumption across clusters, ultimately improving overall performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Mustapha Aminu Bagiwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing energy efficiency in IoT networks for sustainable smart cities: a focus on energy-efficient communication protocols
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving the development of smart cities by improving connectivity and automation. However, the increasing number of IoT devices raises concerns about energy consumption, device longevity, and network sustainability. High energy demands lead to higher costs and limit large-scale deployments. To address these issues, energy-efficient protocols are essential for optimizing power consumption while maintaining network reliability. Key strategies include adaptive power control, duty cycling, and hybrid energy harvesting. The Hybrid Energy Harvesting-Based Energy Neutral Operation Medium Access Control (HENO-MAC) protocol integrates solar and wind energy to support energy-neutral operations. Additionally, advanced Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols, such as the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), help minimize energy wastage. Emerging communication standards like Thread 1.4 further enhance energy efficiency and security. This study evaluates state-of-the-art energy-efficient IoT protocols in smart urban environments, analyzing technologies such as (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) MQTT, RPL, and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It also explores AI-driven energy management, edge computing, and energy-harvesting IoT systems. Through case studies from smart city initiatives in Barcelona and Singapore, the research highlights best practices for improving sustainability in IoT-driven cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nubunga Ishaya, Hakeem Adewale Sulaimon, Hadiza Abdullahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
High performance multilayer satellite electronic shielding system (MULSES)
Passive radiation shielding has gained prominence in space technology due to satellite malfunction and destruction by high-energy beta particles in low Earth orbit (LEO). This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel composite material composed of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and high-density polyethylene (HDPe) reinforced with Doum fiber. MULSES mechanical properties exhibited tensile strength of 25 MPa, hardness of 85.7 Hv, and impact energy absorption of 23.721 J, demonstrating a perfect combination of strength, flexibility, and toughness. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the composite has thermal stability until approximately 600◦ C, degradation was initiated at 320◦ C and optimal degradation was at 480◦ C. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed peaks of exothermic degradation at 400◦ C and 520◦ C corresponding to decomposition of polymer and fibers, respectively, and show the suitability of the composite to handle high temperature. Radiation shielding efficiency was tested at various beta (6, 9, 10, 12, and 15 MeV) and gamma (662 keV and 1.25 MeV) energies. Stacking arrangement played a crucial role in shielding efficiency, with the BHA (Boron, HDPe, Aluminum) arrangement delivering the maximum beta radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of 99.16% at 6 MeV and 95.42% at 15 MeV. When compared to other stack arrangements, the BHA arrangement showed 12% improvement in beta attenuation efficiency and 8% improvement in gamma attenuation efficiency. The smaller mean free path (MFP) and half-value layer (HVL) for beta and gamma radiation also confirm the improved shielding property of the BHA arrangement. HDPe-Doum fiber-h-BN-Al2 O3 exhibits the optimum mechanical strength, heat stability, and radiation shielding properties all together that render MULSES a cost-effective, light, and renewable space shielding material.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lubem James Utume, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating hydrothermal alteration associated with gold mineralization in Birnin-Gwari through tranformation of aero-radiometric data
Gold mining is a significant driver of wealth, serving as a reliable store of value against currency decline and a favoured hedge against inflation. Regions with hydrothermal alteration are key indicators of gold mineralization, and certain mapping techniques have proven effective for identifying these zones. However, these techniques have not yet been applied within the Birnin Gwari Schist Belt. This study used these established techniques to examine the spectrometric data over a known gold mine within the belt. The findings reveal that the gold mine area shows moderate potassium levels with low thorium and uranium readings, indicating hydrothermal alteration. Additionally, a region northwest of the mine may have undergone a similar alteration, suggesting a potential gold mine (PGM). The ternary map indicates the location of both the gold mine and PGM have high potassium concentrations. Both sites also record high Kd values, consistent with potassic alteration. The computed parameter value for the gold mine and PGM suggests their rock formations have undergone moderate alteration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. A. Bello, S. C. Evans, H. A. Lawal, J. O. Alao, D. Daramola, T. O. Amuda, M. B Yakubu, S. M. Hussaini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analysis of sand-shale formations using core geochemical spectroscopy tools
Modern investigations into spectral gamma-ray (SGR) records enhance understanding of sedimentary environments and paleoenvironmental conditions. This study examines a 111 m sand and shale interval in the Tak-1 well, Niger Delta Basin, to characterize clay mineral types and interpret depositional settings. The evaluation of lithology, mineral composition, and geochemical properties through core slabs investigation and spectroscopic analysis revealed information about depositional settings. Spectroscopic analysis of spectral gamma-ray data identified key elements—potassium (K), uranium (U), and thorium (Th)—to differentiate clay minerals, correlate chemostratigraphy, and reconstruct paleoenvironments. Results show that the lithology consists predominantly of sandstone, with occasional interbedding of shaly sand and sandy shale. Uranium and thorium are abundant in mudrocks, while feldspars, micas, and glauconite dominate sandstones. Th/K ratio cross-plots identified smectite/mixed-layer clays, with low Th/K values indicating potassium-rich minerals such as illite, mica, or feldspar. Sandstones contained potassium-bearing minerals like glauconite and evaporites. High uranium values (10–15 ppm) and low Th/U ratios signified organic-rich source rocks formed under anoxic, reducing conditions. Extremely low potassium values (<2%) indicated terrestrial sandstone deposits rich in feldspar. These geochemical and mineralogical characteristics suggest a transitional depositional environment influenced by both terrestrial and marginal marine settings. Fluctuating sea levels shaped sedimentation, with the study interval primarily reflecting a marine paralic anoxic setting with intermittent deltaic influence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwakemi Efemena, Franklin Lucas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Di-layers satellite electronic shielding system (DiLSES): fabrication and characterization
Satellites in space are vulnerable to high-energy electrons above that can damage their electronic systems. To curtail this challenge, a new multi-layer system is synthesized from biomass and geological ores and characterized for mechanical, thermal as well as gamma and beta radiation shielding efficiencies. The new system, a Di-layer Satellite Electronic Shielding System (DiLSES), featuring an innovative, light weight, two-layer material composite made from low atomic number material labeled which are arranged in two configurations LH and HL. This advanced material shows exceptional mechanical characteristics with impact strength of hardness of and tensile strength of, making it resistant to launch vibrations and collision with low velocity space debris. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revels that DiLSES can withstand high temperature environment of up to 300 and only gradually decomposes by less than 5% between and For gamma radiation shielding efficiency, the DiLSES effectively attenuated pointed gamma radiation from Co-60 with maximum energy of 1.332 MeV by and for and the LH configuration offers better attenuation. The DiLSES attenuates high-energy beta particles generated by medical LINAC by over 93%, achieving a remarkable reduction at energy .This innovative light-weights and cost-effective material has the potential to improve the shielding of electronic components in satellites against high-energy beta particles (greater than 1 Mev) which cause satellite damage and operational failures. It also offers protection from space radiation like gamma and cosmic rays, making it useful for both space and medical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Sani, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Lubem James Utume, Wasiu Oyeyemi Salami, Isaac Pada, Emmanuel Ogwuche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mitigating MAC flooding attacks using port security techniques
In today's interconnected digital landscape, network security is paramount, particularly for Local Area Networks (LANs) that are increasingly vulnerable to MAC flooding attacks. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities in network switches, compromising network integrity and privacy. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of port security mechanisms in mitigating MAC flooding threats through a practical simulation using Packet Tracer. The simulation setup includes a switch, two authorized computers, and one unauthorized computer, with a strict limit of one MAC address allowed per port. Shutdown violation is set whenever the switch port learn more than 1 MAC address to avoid MAC flooding. The findings reveal that the implementation of MAC address limiting effectively prevents the learning of additional MAC addresses, thereby safeguarding the network from potential flooding attacks. When the maximum MAC address limit is reached, the port is shutdown as set in the violation mode. This research underscores the critical importance of proactive security measures in maintaining network integrity and provides valuable insights for network administrators seeking to enhance their security protocols.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shehu Ibrahim Gajo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative mathematical application of game theory in solving healthcare allocation problem
Game theory being a mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions among decision makers is increasingly applied to complex problems in healthcare resource allocation. This innovative research strategically applied the game theory model to solve the problem of healthcare allocation. It determined the strategies of Player I (Company A) and Player II (Competitor- Company B), established those strategies using QM (Quality Management) software for Windows, determined the amount of gain or loss experienced by Player I and Player II during the allocations, created various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph against Column’s strategy and the Column’s graph against Row’s strategies for a pure strategy, and produced various game theory plots, such as the Row’s graph for mixed strategy with given expected loss (%). For it to profit by #1,000,000 (for example) in the case that Company B expands to X location, company A must assign the patients’ bed production plant to location (strategy) D. If Company B introduces the 50% discount or makes #7,000,000, then company A does not have to assign any amount of vaccines manufactured in their firm. The objective is to stop outbreaks in high-risk locations and reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Consequently, a mixed strategy is used, with the aim of maximizing the overall quality of care given to patients while making sure that each facility has the resources necessary for efficient operation.
Mathematical application and resources allocation
Copyright (c) 2025 Stephen I. Okeke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the geomagnetic storms’ impact on low-latitude ionosphere: case studies of October 2003 and March 2015 events
Geomagnetic storms can significantly impact the Earth's upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere used for communication and navigation, particularly at low latitudes. This study examines the effects of two major geomagnetic storms on the low-latitude ionosphere that occurred during October 2003 and March 2015. In the analysis of the two events, data from NASA Space Physics data resources, Omni web, were analysed. Our analysis of the electron density, temperature, and ion composition data reveals significant disturbances in the ionosphere during both storms. The October 2003 storm caused a decrease in electron density and an increase in temperature, while the March 2015 storm had a more moderate impact. Our results highlight the importance of understanding geomagnetic storms' effects on the low-latitude ionosphere, particularly for mitigating their impacts on radio communication, navigation, and satellite operations. This study contributes to our understanding of geomagnetic storms' effects on the ionosphere and provides valuable insights for future research and applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hammed Adeniyi Lawal, Isreal Leke Elijah, Edwin Beshel Ayabie, Yusuf Ayoola Bello, Joseph O. Alao, Innocent E. Davidson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stacking ensemble machine learning for predicting land surface temperature hotspots using landsat 9 data
Despite advancements in predictive modeling, existing methods struggle with accuracy and spatial variability in Land Surface Temperature (LST) estimation. This study presents a Stacking Ensemble Model (SEM) integrating Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to enhance LST prediction using Landsat 9 and SRTM DEM data in Kogi State, Nigeria. The SEM outperformed individual models, achieving an R² of 99.86%, surpassing RF by 3.31%, XGBoost by 8.03%, and KNN by 12.79%. Results revealed significant spatial variability, with temperatures ranging from 24.8°C to 49.3°C and critical hotspots above 40°C covering 1,035 km², supporting geothermal energy exploration. Incorporating elevation spectral indices and key predictors like NDVI, proportion of vegetation, land surface emissivity, and brightness temperature further improved accuracy. This SEM framework enhances predictive robustness, scalability, and spatial analysis for better LST modeling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Momohjimoh Abdulsalami, Dahiru Dahuwa, Saratu Muhammad Hussaini, Yahaya Jibrin Danjuma, Michael Adewale Ibitomi, Danga Onimisi Abdulmalik, Bunmi Oyekola Isaac, Zainab Usman, Joseph Omeiza Alao, Aliyu Abdullateef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unsteady dean flow of dusty fluids between two oscillating cylinders
This study investigates the unsteady Dean flow of dusty, viscous, incompressible fluids confined between two oscillating concentric horizontal cylinders under a semi-analytical framework based on Laplace transformation, which is preferred over fully numerical methods due to its ability to provide analytical expressions that enhance understanding of the system dynamics, reduce discretization errors, and efficiently handle complex boundary conditions. The Laplace-domain solutions are numerically inverted using the Riemann-sum approximation (RSA). The problem is modelled using the momentum and continuity equations for fluid and particulate phases, incorporating the effects of azimuthal pressure gradients and oscillatory boundary conditions. The semi-analytical framework is employed to derive the velocity profiles, skin frictions, and vorticity in the Laplace domain, which are then inverted to obtain time-dependent solutions. Steady-state solutions for the velocity, skin frictions, and vorticity (for the case of oscillation with different frequencies, non-oscillating cases, and oscillating with the same frequency) are obtained in closed forms to validate the method employed at large time values. Key dimensionless parameters such as the mass concentration of dust particles, relaxation time, dimensionless time, and angular velocities are explored to assess their impact on the flow dynamics. Results reveal that increasing relaxation time parameters delay the velocity profile and helps fluid velocity in achieving equilibrium flow states. The findings provide a benchmark for studies on industrial mixing, chemical reactors, and biomedical flows involving particle-laden fluids under oscillatory conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jibrin Danjuma Yahaya, Benedict Celestine Agbata, Rasaq Oyeyemi Olayiwola, Raji Muhammed, Isaac Adaji, Danjuma Abdul Yusuf, Emmanuel Olorunfemi Senewo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative analysis of water quality in covered and uncovered hand-dug wells in Oye-Ekiti
Access to safe and clean drinking water is critical to sustainable development. It remains a significant public health issue, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas of third-world countries like Nigeria, where hand-dug wells are common drinking water sources. This preliminary research investigated the water quality of covered and uncovered hand-dug wells in Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, to inform sustainable well water management practices. Using judgmental sampling and standard analytical methods, water samples from two wells (covered and uncovered) were collected and analysed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. The results indicated that covered well water generally has better quality, with lower concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, and total hardness (80, 50, 31.5 mg/L, respectively) than uncovered (330, 80, 59 mg/L, respectively). However, heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) and coliform counts in both wells exceeded WHO limits, except for Cu and Zn. Notably, E. coli was absent in both wells, but the presence of coliforms (3 MPN/100 mL) signals potential vulnerabilities in the water safety, specifically the uncovered water (5 MPN/100 mL). The research findings corroborated the protective role of covering wells in reducing contamination. However, additional measures, including regular maintenance, improved construction, and monitoring, are recommended to ensure water quality. This pilot research provides a foundation for larger-scale investigations to support evidence-based policies for improved public health and to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation by 2030.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naziru Imam, Victoria Onaara Adefioye, Olayide S. Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the connectivity of Geshere and Rishiwa younger granite using aero-radiometric data
Geshere and Rishiwa Younger Granites (YGs) are physically two separate bodies and are believed to be either from the same source or one is an extension of the other. Previous work suggests they could be connected at the subsurface, but the use of radiometric data can provide clarity as it reflects rocks' geochemical formation. This work focused on identifying possible connection between the two YGs based on the variation of the radioelements in the study area. The result shows the values of potassium, thorium, and uranium range from 0.1 to 4.9 %, 11.9 to 61.2 ppm, and 1.4 to 10.3 ppm respectively, which are lower to the range of the radioelements (that of potassium is comparatively close) reported in part of Egypt. The average potassium concentration around Geshere and Rishiwa is high (4.5 and 4.1 % respectively), thorium is low (13.1 and 14.9 ppm respectively), and uranium is low around Geshere and south of Rishiwa YGs, but high at north of Rishiwa YG. The composite maps of the three radioelements and the potassium reveal the extent of the YGs. The Th/K map indicates the two YGs are connected. Moreover, the composite maps of thorium, and uranium suggested the south of Rishiwa and Geshere share similar geochemistry. Geochemical analysis is recommended on rock samples of a region west of the Gehere YG which is a Pan-Africa Basement Complex but shows anomalies similar to the YGs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. A. Bello, K. M. Lawal, S. S. Magaji, J. Raimi, T. O. Amuda, D. Daramola, M. B. Yakubu, H. A. Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptive hybrid optimization for backpropagation neural networks in image classification
Image classification is essential in artificial intelligence, with applications in medical diagnostics, autonomous navigation, and industrial automation. Traditional training methods like stochastic gradient descent (SGD) often suffer from slow convergence and local minima. This research presents a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-Genetic Algorithm (GA)-Backpropagation framework to enhance neural network training. By integrating AdaGrad and PSO for weight optimization, GA for refinement, and backpropagation for fine-tuning, the model improves performance. Results show a 97.5% accuracy on MNIST, a 5% improvement over Adam, and 40% faster convergence than SGD. This approach enhances efficiency, accuracy, and generalization, making it valuable for high-dimensional AI tasks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel O. Essang, Stephen I. Okeke, Jackson E. Ante, Runyi E. Francis, Sunday E. Fadugba, Augustine O. Ogbaji, Jonathan T. Auta, Chikwe F. Chukwuka, Michael O. Ogar-Abang, Ede M. Aigberemhon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Compatibilizer impact on the mechanical properties of doum fiber reinforced polyestercomposite
Natural fibers such as doum, jute, and hemp are emerging as alternatives to glass fibers for reinforcing polymer composites. However, the hydrophilic nature of natural fibers often leads to poor adhesion with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This results in inferior mechanical properties of the composites. This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating maleic anhydride (MA) as a compatibilizer on the hardness and tensile property of doum fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) composites. MA as a compatibilizer has been used in a few studies and the good efficiency of MA was shown by the good interaction of maleic anhydride non-polar chain with the polymer matrix [20]. Dom fibers were manually extracted and treated with a 5% NaOH solution. The UP resin was reinforced with 0.3-2.7 wt% untreated doum fibers and 0.3-2.7 wt% MA was added as the compatibilizer. The components were mixed thoroughly and cured by hand layup technique. Hardness was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester. tensile tests were performed on an electronic universal testing machine to determine the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break. Three (3) samples were tested for each composition and the results were averaged. Incorporating MA led to a significant increase of about 225 and 106% in hardness and tensile strength respectively compared to the control. Accordingly, the addition of MA improved the interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic doum fibers and hydrophobic UP resin matrix, hence, improved the hardness and tensile property of the composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. M. Dodo, I. I. Abubakar, Z. Musa, K. A. Bello, M. N. Bala, S. K. Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study of denoising techniques for 5G communication at 3.5 GHz
This paper presents a comparative study of denoising techniques for improving 5G communication at 3.5GHz. A 5G system is simulated in MATLAB with thermal noise, intermodulation noise, and external interference. The wavelet, PCA, Wiener, median, and Kalman filters are evaluated using SNR, MSE, and PSNR. Results show that the Kalman filter achieves the best performance, reducing MSE by 92.5% and improving SNR by 14 dB over other techniques. Under thermal noise, it attained an SNR of 20.47 dB, while for all noise sources combined, it maintained 19.43 dB. Wavelet and median filters performed better under thermal noise, whereas PCA and Wiener filters were more effective for combined noise. These findings provide a quantitative basis for selecting optimal denoising techniques, aiding efficient 5G communication system design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyi E. Olukanni, Francis U. Salifu, Julius O. Idakwoji, Funsho Jacob Omonile (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of the sources of heavy metals pollution using neem tree (azadirachtaindica) stem barks in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Determining the sources of heavy metals pollution in the environment is very important in other to provide solution to the problem. Plants are important indicators of heavy metals in Environmental Pollution. Neem trees is used for shade lining the streets or in most people's back yards in Maiduguri. This study was aimed at determining the concentration (µg/g) of Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb in barks of Neem tree at various distances away from the main roads of Maiduguri Metropolitan council, Borno State, Nigeria. Samples (stem barks) were collected monthly for three months from three different locations (Bama station, Bulumkutu and Post office areas designated as S1, S2 and S3 respectively) at distances of 50 m and 100 m each from the main roads, and 250 m to serve as control. The samples were collected monthly from the designated and control points for a period of three months. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples were determined using Perkin-Elmer Analyst 200 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that the mean concentrations (μg/g) of the heavy metals in the various locations varied for Zn (0.115±0.007 - 0.719 ± 0.003), Mn (0.234±0.07 - 1.413 ± 0.134), Cu (0.013±0.001 - 0.151 ± 0.003), Co (0.010±0.004 - 0.043 ± 0.013), Fe (1.412±0.028 - 7.681 ± 0.123) and Pb (0.003±0.003 - 0.245 ± 0.147). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences (p<0.05) among the levels of the heavy metals from the three locations. Generally, the concentrations of the heavy metals decrease with increase in distance from 50 m to 100 m and then decrease at 250 m (control) from the main roads at locations S1 and S2. However, the concentrations of the heavy metals increase with increase in distance from 50 m to 100 m and then increase at 250 m (control) from the main roads at locations S3. Hence, the pollution in S1 (bama station area) and S2 (Bulumkutu area) are due to both vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities while the pollution in S3 (Post office area) is due vehicular traffic activities. Therefore, the Neem tree bark can be used to determine the sources of heavy metals pollution in Maiduguri
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullateef Baba, Abdullahi Idi Mohammed, Lawal Bukar Inuwa, Zaynab Mohammed Chellube (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceilings in building
Thermal properties of materials are a crucial area of interest in the building industry. This study investigated the thermal properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Plaster of Paris (POP), asbestos, and cardboard, commonly used as ceiling materials. The steady-state method was employed to determine the thermal properties; thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity, and density). The obtained results of thermal conductivity of PVC, POP, and Asbestos cardboard are 0.1083 w/mk, 0.1314 w/mk, 0.1068 w/mk and 0.0851 w/mk, respectively, and are within range of values 0.0851-0.1314 w/mk The thermal resistivity of the cardboard, POP, Asbestos and PVC are 11.7509 (w/mk)-1, 7.6103 (w/mk)-1, 9.3633 (w/mk)-1 and 9.2336 (w/mk)-1 respectively. The results of thermal diffusivity of PVC, Asbestos, POP, and cardboard are 6.34 x 10-7 m2/s, 6.0 x 10-8 m2/s, 1.20 x 10-7 m2/s, and 8.0 x 10-8 m2/s respectively. The results of thermal absorptivity of cardboard, PVC, POP, and Asbestos are 21.31 x10-2 m-1, 7.57 x10-2 m-1, 17.40 x10-2 m-1, and 15.07 x10-2 m-1 respectively. The density results of POP, PVC, Asbestos, and cardboard are 79.84 kg/m3, 203.59 kg/m3, 824.13 kg/m3, and 645.81 kg/m3 respectively. The results revealed some materials' thermal properties to understand the materials' behavior as they interact with heat fluctuation. In comparison, the results revealed that PVC and asbestos are better materials for building insulation since they have good thermal efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Godwin B. Egbeyale, Adegbenro S. Ajani, Tomisin M. Oyatomi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0